BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture B. Muscles1. Found in every organ2. Helps with movement3. Large proportion of body weight4. 3 types5. Produce movement and generate tension6. Contraction is a fundamental activity7. Sarcomere: contractile unit8. What causes contraction?9. Nerves activate skeletal muscles10. Calcium initiates the sliding filament mechanism11. When nerve activation ends, contractions end12. Muscles require energy to contract and relax13. Activity can vary14. Slow twitch vs. fast twitchOutline of Current Lecture II. Diseases and disorders of the muscular systemI. The components and functions of bloodII. Plasma consist of water and dissolved solutesIII. Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacityIV. White blood cellsV. PlateletsVI. Hemostasis: stopping blood lossVII. A blood clot forms around the platelet plugCurrent LectureIII. Diseases and disorders of the muscular systema. Muscular Dystrophyi. Genetic disease: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophyii. Muscles weakening and wastingb. Tetanusi. Preventable by tetanus vaccineii. Aka “lock jaw”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Muscle cramps: often caused by dehydration and ion imbalances fix with water or Gatoraded. Pulled muscles: result from overstretching of a muscle, fibers tear aparte. Fasciitis: inflammation of fascia (surrounds muscle cells, connective tissue) fix with rest, ice, anti-inflammatoryCHAPTER 7VIII. The components and functions of blooda. Blood is a specialized connective tissueb. Consists of specialized cells and cell fragmentsc. 3 primary functionsi. Transportationii. Regulationiii. Defensed. Plasma makes up 55% of whole bloodi. Waterii. Electrolytesiii. Proteinsiv. Hormonesv. Gasesvi. Nutrients and wastese. Formed elements make up 45% of whole bloodi. Red blood cellsii. White blood cellsiii. PlateletsIX. Plasma consist of water and dissolved solutesa. Plasma proteinsi. Albumins maintain osmotic balance with interstitial fluidii. Globulins are a diverse group of proteins1. Beta globulinsa. Bind to lipid forming lipoproteinsb. HDL: high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)c. LDL: low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol)b. Red blood cellsi. Most important cellular component in transport of oxygen to body tissuesand the removal of carbon dioxide from the bodyii. Old/damaged RBCs are removed from circulating blood and destroyed in the liver and spleeniii. Erythropoietin: anemic if not enough of itiv. May increase viscosity of blood, making the heart work harder to pump itv. Shape allows flexibilityvi. These cells do not contain a nucleus or any other cellular organelles/do not reproducevii. RBCs contain only the oxygen binding protein, hemoglobin1. Made of 4 polypeptide chains2. Each iron atom (heme) can bind one atom of oxygen3. Hemoglobin with out oxygen causes anemiaX. Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacitya. Hematocrit: how much iron you have/ how much oxygen you can carryb. Low hematocrit may indicate anemiac. RBCs live for about 120 daysd. Heme (minus the iron), is converted to bilirubin, discarded through digestive tractXI. White blood cellsa. Aka leukocytesb. Arise from division of stem cells in bone marrowc. Protect from infectiond. Regulation of the inflammatory reactione. Contain a nucleusf. Shorter life span than RBCsg. Granular leukocytesi. Neutrophils: most abundant; engulf foreign cellsii. Eosinophils: defend the body against large parasites; surround/release digestive enzymes to destroy it; help ease allergic reactionsiii. Basophils: lowest number; contain histamine which initiates the inflammatory response; repairs tissue damageh. Agranular leukocytesi. Contains granules that are not visible with stainingii. Monocytes: largest, can stimulate lymphocytes to defend the body, dead cellular debrisiii. Lymphocytes: targets 2 types of HIV: B-cells (produce antibodies) and T-cells (targets specific threats during infectionsXII. Plateletsa. Derived from megakaryocytesb. Last 5-9 daysc. Instrumental in clotting processd. Release proteins that help in blood vessel growth and repairXIII. Hemostasis: stopping blood lossa. Vascular spasm: reduces blood flowb. Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel; if this seal cannot stop blood loss, clotting occursc. Coagulation: blood changed from a liquid to a gelXIV. A blood clot forms around the platelet pluga. Damage to blood vessels initiates the processb. Hemophilia: deficiency of one or more clotting