BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. Infertility: inability to conceiveA. Infertility: inability to achieve pregnancy after a year of tryingB. Causes:C. Enhancing fertilityII. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)A. Transmitted by sexual contact, including: genital, oral-genital, anal-genitalB. Can be very damaging or deadlyC. Some are not treatableD. Bacterial STDsE. Viral STDsF. Other STDsOutline of Current Lecture I. Cancer: an introductionII. Tumors can be benign or cancerousIII. Cancerous cells lose control over their functions and structuresIV. How cancer developsV. Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancerVI. A variety of factors can lead to cancerVII. The immune system plays an important role in cancer preventionVIII. Advances in diagnosis enable early detectionIX. Cancer treatmentsX. Observe skin lesions forCurrent LectureChapter 18- CancerXI. Cancer: an introductionA. Cancer is always a genetic diseaseB. All cancers are diseases of cell division and differentiationC. Abnormal cells1. Malfunctions in growth monitoring that allow for overproduction of cells2. Can migrate to several different locations throughout lifetimeXII. Tumors can be benign or cancerousThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Hyperplasia: substantial increase in the rate of cell divisionB. Tumor1. Also known as a neoplasm2. A discrete mass of cells resulting from hyperplasiaC. Benign tumors1. Can still kill you2. Noncancerous3. Remain in one location4. Single, well-defined mass5. May be surrounded by connective tissue6. Often can be readily removed surgically7. Mutations: basis of natural selection and evolution; good (if leads to natural selection and evolution) and bad (if it leads to cancer); generally not a bigdealXIII. Cancerous cells lose control over their functions and structuresA. Dysplasia1. Abnormal change in cell structure2. Considered a precancerous stateB. Cancerous tumors1. Abnormal cell structure2. Loss of regulation of cell growthC. In situ cancer: tumor stays in one placeD. Malignant tumor1. Tumor invades normal tissue and compromises organ function2. Tumor may undergo metastasisa) Spread of cancer to another organ or body regionb) Secondary, malignant tumors at other locations may developXIV. How cancer developsA. Cell must divide uncontrollablyB. Cell must undergo physical changes and break away from surrounding cellsXV. Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancerA. Proto-oncogenes: normal regulatory genes that promote cell growth and differentiation, division, or adhesionB. Oncogenes1. Mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes2. May cause cells to grow and divide more quickly than normal3. May result in a cell failing to respond to inhibitory signalsC. Tumor suppressor genes1. Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, and adhesion2. May be turned off, damaged, or mutated in cancersD. Mutator genes1. Involved in DNA repair during replication2. May be mutated themselves and not functionXVI. A variety of factors can lead to cancerA. Some genes may be inherited that increase susceptibility to cancerB. Carcinogenesis1. Process of transforming a normal cell into a cancer cell2. Carcinogen: any substance or physical factor that causes cancerC. Chemicals in the environment: asbestos, benzene, some pesticides, dyesD. Tobacco: responsible for 30% of all cancer deathsE. Radiation 1. Ultraviolet radiation (sun exposure): skin cancer2. Causes >80% of all skin cancersF. Red meat, saturated animal fat: increased risk of cancer of colon, rectum, prostateG. High salt consumption associated with stomach cancerH. Type II diabetics have a much higher risk of dying of cancerI. Antioxidants (vitamins A, C, E) may neutralize free radicals; antioxidant containingfoods: blueberries, spinach, tomatoesXVII. The immune system plays an important role in cancer preventionA. Immune system normally defends the body against cancersB. Cancer cells may not be recognized as “self” and may be destroyed by the immune systemC. Anything that suppresses the immune system may make an individual more susceptible to cancerXVIII. Advances in diagnosis enable early detectionA. Tumor imaging (x-rays)B. Genetic testingC. Enzyme tests for cancer markersXIX. Cancer treatmentsA. Surgery: has improved with better imaging techniquesB. Radiation: targets the tumor, but sometimes damages healthy cellsC. Chemotherapy: use of cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells1. Side effects: nausea, hair loss, anemia2. Often kills normal cells as wellD. MagnetismE. Photodynamic therapyXX. Observe skin lesions forA. A= asymmetry: two halves of the affected area don’t matchB. B= border: border is irregular in shapeC. C= color: varies or is blackD. D= diameter: greater than 6 mm (size of pea)E. E= evolution: change in size, shape, color or elevation, new symptoms such as bleeding, itching, or