BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture IX. Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the eggX. Twins may be fraternal or identicalXI. Development: cleavage, morphogenesis, differentiation, and growthXII. Pre-embryonic development: the first two weeksXIII. Embryonic development: weeks three to eightXIV. The placenta and umbilical cordXV. The embryo develops rapidlyXVI. Birth and the early postnatal periodXVII. The transition from fetus to newbornXVIII. Lactation produces milk to nourish the newbornXIX. From birth to adulthoodXX. Death is the final transitionXXI. Birth control methods: controlling fertilityOutline of Current Lecture I. Infertility: inability to conceiveA. Infertility: inability to achieve pregnancy after a year of tryingB. Causes:C. Enhancing fertilityII. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)A. Transmitted by sexual contact, including: genital, oral-genital, anal-genitalB. Can be very damaging or deadlyC. Some are not treatableD. Bacterial STDsE. Viral STDsF. Other STDsCurrent LectureIII. Infertility: inability to conceiveA. Infertility: inability to achieve pregnancy after a year of tryingB. Causes:1. Number and quality of sperm (<60 million/ejaculation is considered infertile)2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): scarred, blocked oviducts3. Irregular menstrual cyclesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Endometriosis: inner lining of uterus overgrows5. Strongly acidic vaginal secretions6. Decreased reproductive capacity with age7. Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) different than elective abortionC. Enhancing fertility1. Artificial insemination2. Both sperm and eggs are handled outside of the body3. Method of choice for women with blocked or damaged oviducts4. Immature eggs must be first harvested from a woman5. In vitro fertilization (IVF)a) Fertilization in test tube outside of the bodyb) After several cell divisions, embryo is inserted into the uterus via the vagina6. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer): unfertilized eggs and sperm placed directly in oviduct7. ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer): fertilized egg is placed in oviduct8. Fertility-enhancing drugs: boost production of developing eggs, may result in multiple births9. Surrogate motherhoodIV. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)A. Transmitted by sexual contact, including: genital, oral-genital, anal-genitalB. Can be very damaging or deadlyC. Some are not treatableD. Bacterial STDs1. Gonorrheaa) Caused by bacteriab) Male symptoms: penile discharge, painful urinationc) Female symptoms: vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating (females often are asymptomatic)d) Can be passed to newborn2. Syphilisa) Primary: lesion in genital areab) Secondary: rash; bacteria invades blood, lymph nodes, nervous system, bonesc) Tertiary: widespread damage to nervous system and cardiovascular systemd) Congenital syphilis: transmitted by infected mother to fetuse) Treatment: penicillin3. Chlamydiaa) Bacterialb) Often goes undiagnosed due to mildness of symptomsc) Men: penile discharge, burning upon urinationd) Women: vaginal discharge, burning and itching sensatione) May lead to pelvic inflammatory diseasef) Can infect newborng) Treated with antibioticsE. Viral STDs1. HIV: one of the most dangerous STDsa) Slowly destroys the immune system causing AIDSb) Treatments but no cure2. Hepatitis B virusa) More contagious than HIV, but not as deadlyb) Affects liverc) Vaccine available for prevention3. Human papillomavirusa) Many strains can cause warts in genital areab) 2 types of cervical cancerc) vaccines to prevent cervical cancer: Gardasil, cervariF. other STDs1. Canida albicans (yeast): normally present but may overgrowa) pain, inflammation, dischargeb) can be passed sexuallyc) may follow antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections2. Trichomoniasis: caused by protozoana) Women: vaginitis, frothy foul-smelling dischargeb) Men: inflammation of penis, dischargec) Treated with Flagyl 3. Pubic licea) Prefer to live on pubic hairb)