BSC 109 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II. Diseases and disorders of the muscular system---------------------------------------------------------------I. The components and functions of bloodII. Plasma consist of water and dissolved solutesIII. Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacityIV. White blood cellsV. PlateletsVI. Hemostasis: stopping blood lossVII. A blood clot forms around the platelet plugOutline of Current Lecture I. Clotting DisordersII. Human Blood TypesIII. Blood typing and cross- matching ensure blood compatibilityIV. Blood DisordersCHAPTER 8I. Blood vessels transport bloodII. Arteries transport blood away from the heartIII. Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissuesCurrent LectureV. Clotting DisordersA. Hemophilia: deficiency of one or more clotting proteins (blood disorder)B. Aspirin is a medication that interferes with hemostasisVI. Human Blood TypesA. Blood transfusion: administration of blood directly into bloodstream of another person1. A, B, AB, O2. Rh (either positive or negative)3. Antigen: non-self protein, foreign to the body4. Antibody: a defensive protein made by the body, directed against specific antigensThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. ABO blood typing is based on A and B antigens1. The antigen on the rbc surface determines the blood type2. If the recipient of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donated cells, a severe/ fatal reaction may occur3. Individual with AB blood can receive A, B, AB, or O4. Type O considered “universal donor”C. Rh Blood typing is based on the Rh factor1. Anti-Rh antibodies from mother cause hemolytic disease of the newborn  Rh positive baby2. Can be a problem when an Rh negative woman is pregnant with an Rh positive fetusVII. Blood typing and cross- matching ensure blood compatibilityA. Blood typing- determines ABO and Rh typesB. Cross matching involves mixing donor cells with recipient plasma and recipient cells with donorVIII. Blood DisordersA. Mononucleosis: viral infection of lymphocytes; flu-like symptomsB. Blood poisoning: infection of the blood plasma; occurs when organisms that are toxic or secrete toxins invade the bloodC. Anemia: general term for reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity due to inadequate number of RBCs or inadequate hemoglobin1. Iron deficiency anemia (self- explanatory)2. Hemorrhagic anemia: caused by blood loss3. Pernicious anemia: caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency, which is necessary for normal RBC production4. Hemolytic anemia: caused by destruction of RBCs (common in sickle cell disease)5. Anemia due to renal failure: results from inadequate erythropoietin secretionD. White Blood Cells1. Leukemia: forms of blood cancer characterized by proliferation of WBCs; treatments inc. radiation or chemo. followed by bone marrow transplant2. Multiple myeloma: form of cancer involving the proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; bone is weakened by the cancerCHAPTER 8IV. Blood vessels transport bloodA. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart; thick-walledB. Capillaries: exchange solutes and water with cells of the bodyC. Veins: return blood to the heart; thin-walledV. Arteries transport blood away from the heartA. Thick walled: 3 layers1. Innermost layer: endothelium of squamous epithelial cells2. Middle layer: smooth muscle3. Outer layer: connective tissueB. Function: carry blood (under pressure) away from the heartC. Aneurism: defect in arterial wall1. Ballooning of the wall2. Obstruction of blood flow3. Often symptomless until they ruptureD. Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow1. Blood flows from heart  ArteriesArteriolesCapillaries2. Arterioles: smallest arteries3. Precapillary sphincters: control blood flow from arterioles into capillariesa) Vasodilation: relaxation of vascular smooth muscle; increases blood flow to capillariesb) Vasoconstriction: contraction of vascular smooth muscle; decreases blood flow to capillariesVI. Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissuesA. Structure: smallest blood vessels, microscopic; thin-walled (one cell-layer thick); porousB. Capillary beds: extensive networks of capillaries; one blood cell in diameterC. Function: selective exchange of substances with the interstitial