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UA BSC 109 - Immune Responses
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BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture III. Hypotension: when blood pressure is too lowIV. Cardiovascular disordersV. Replacing a failing heartCHAPTER 9I Overview of the body’s defense mechanismsII Pathogens cause diseaseIII Bacteria: single-celled living organismsIV Viruses: tiny infectious agentsV Prions: infectious proteinsOutline of Current Lecture VI Transmissibility, mode of transmission and virulence determine health riskVII The lymphatic system defends the bodyVIII Lymphatic vessels transport lymphIX Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphX Spleen cleanses the bloodXI Thymus gland hormones cause T Lymphocytes to matureXII Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defenseXIII Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defenseXIV Nonspecific defenses: Second line of defenseXV Specific defense mechanism: the third line of defenseXVI The immune system targets antigensXVII Medical assistance in the war against pathogensXVIII Inappropriate immune system activity causes problemsCurrent LectureXIX Transmissibility, mode of transmission and virulence determine health riskA. Transmissibility: how easily a pathogen is passed from person to personB. Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal-oral, body fluids, direct contactC. Virulence: how much damage is caused by the infectionXX The lymphatic system defends the bodyA. Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular systemB. Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive system to cardiovascular system (in different system so fats don’t clog up arteries, capillaries, and veins)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Filtration of foreign material to defend against infectionD. Lymphocytes mature in the thymusE. Macrophages cleanse lymph; lymphocytes activate defense mechanismsF. Tonsils protect the throatG. Spleen removes damaged blood cells and microorganisms from bloodH. Lymphatic vessels transport fluid, bacteria, and virusesXXI Lymphatic vessels transport lymphA. Begin as blind-ended lymphatic capillariesB. Eventually drain into cardiovascular systemC. White blood cells, protein, fats, occasionally bacteria and virusesXXII Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphA. Lymph nodes (numerous) are located at intervals along lymphatic vesselsB. Nodes remove microorganisms, debris, and abnormal cells from lymphC. Nodes act as filters, cleansing the lymph as it passes through themXXIII Spleen cleanses the bloodA. Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ1. Helps maintain the quality RBCs in circulation2. Helps fight infection3. White pulp: contains lymphocytes searching for pathogens4. Red pulp: contains macrophages and cleansed bloodB. Infectious mononucleosis (will check for it in the spleen), leukemiaXXIV Thymus gland hormones cause T Lymphocytes to matureA. Secretes two hormones that control T cell development: thymosin and thymopoietinB. TonsilsC. AdenoidsXXV Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defenseA. Skin: most important barrier from pathogens1. Structure is dead2. Constantly renewed3. Acidic pH of 5-64. Antibiotic productionB. Tears and saliva: contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)C. Ear wax: entraps microorganismsXXVI Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defenseA. Mucus: entraps microorganisms1. Thick, gel-like substance2. Cilia in throat (ruined in smokers -> smoker’s cough)3. SneezingB. Stomach: highly acidicC. Vagina: slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganismsD. Vomiting, urination, and defecation: remove microorganismsE. Resident bacteria: outcompete pathogensXXVII Nonspecific defenses: Second line of defenseA. NOT specific for any particular pathogenB. Phagocytic cells: white blood cells that surround and engulf invading bacteria1. Neutrophils: digest and destry bacteria or fugi2. Eosinophils: when foreign cells are large, for clusters and use enzymes to destroy foreign cells3. Macrophages: phagocytes derived from monocytes that engulf debris andforeign cells4. Inflammation: redness (extra blood supply), warmth (from extra blood), swelling, pain- NOT bad5. Natural killer cells: a type of lymphocyte that attacks tumor cells and virus-infected cells6. Interferons: antiviral proteins7. Fever response: bodies fighting off infectiona) Normal range is 97-99 degrees F (98.6) makes body not conducive for foreign infectionsb) Dangerous if over 100 degrees F for more than 2 daysc) Makes body a hostile environment for bacteria but beneficial for metabolic defense processesXXVIII Specific defense mechanism: the third line of defenseA. Also called adaptive immunity: slower response, but more specificB. The immune response1. Has “memory”- remembers initial exposure and responds more quickly and aggressiviely on subsequent exposures2. Protects the entire body3. Able to distinguish between “self” cells and foreign, “non-self” invaders4. Healthy cells and abnormal (tumor) cellsXXIX The immune system targets antigensA. Antigen: any substance that triggers an immune responseB. Lymphocytes are cells that produce antibodiesC. Immune memory creates immunity1. Primary immune responsea) Occurs on first exposure to antigenb) Lag time of 3-6 days for antibody productionc) Peak at 10-12 days2. Secondary immune responsea) Occurs on second and subsequent exposure to antigenb) Lag time in hoursc) Peak in daysd) Much more antibody producedXXX Medical assistance in the war against pathogensA. Immunization1. Active immunizationa) Intentionally expose individual to a form of the antigen that doesn’t produce disease (vaccine)b) Also known as vaccination2. Passive immunization: administer protective antibodies to an individual (passed from mother to child during pregnancy)B. Tissue rejection: may occur following tissue or organ transplant if recipient’s immune system attacks the transplanted tissue/organC. 75% match is essentialD. Immunosuppressive drugs- prevent patient’s immune system from attacking transplanted tissue, lethal withoutXXXI Inappropriate immune system activity causes problemsA. Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions1. Inappropriate response to an allergen2. Allergen: any substance (antigen) that causes an allergic reaction (not a pathogen, but the body reacts as though it is)3. Benadryl: contains anti-histamine; histamine is the drug the body releasesin order to trigger reaction4. Localized: affect only the are exposed5. Systemic: affect several organ systems; anaphylactic shock: severe


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UA BSC 109 - Immune Responses

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