BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 26 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cancer: an introductionII. Tumors can be benign or cancerousIII. Cancerous cells lose control over their functions and structuresIV. How cancer developsV. Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancerVI. A variety of factors can lead to cancerVII. The immune system plays an important role in cancer preventionVIII. Advances in diagnosis enable early detectionIX. Cancer treatmentsX. Observe skin lesions forOutline of Current Lecture IX. Cancer treatments (continued)X. Common cancersChapter 19 Genetics and InheritanceI. Introductory genetics terminologyII. Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotypeIII. Mendel established the basic principles of geneticsIV. Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive allelesV. Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traitsCurrent LectureXI. Cancer treatments (continued)A. MagnetismB. Photodynamic therapyC. ImmunotherapyD. Starving cancersE. Molecular treatmentsXII. Common cancersA. Lung cancer1. Smoking is a leading risk factor2. Most common type of cancer3. Early symptoms are nonspecificThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Treated with surgery, often combined with radiation and chemotherapyB. Colon and rectal cancers1. Blood in stool, rectal bleeding2. Screening tests can detect cancer earlya) Detection of blood in stool specimensb) Colonoscopy: examining interior of colon with flexible fiber-optic scopec) Treated with polyp removal, tumor removalC. Breast cancer1. Early tetection is crucial for survivala) Mammogram: low dose X-ray used for early detectionb) Detection of a lump on breast exam2. Risk factorsa) Geneticsb) Agec) Early onset of menstruation, late menopaused) Obesity after menopausee) Oral contraceptivesf) Hormone replacement after menopauseD. Prostate cancer1. Most common after age 502. Symptomsa) Urination difficultiesb) Blood in urinec) Pain in pelvic area3. Diagnosisa) Digital rectal examb) Blood test for prostate-specific antigenc) Biopsy4. Treated with surgery, radiation therapy, hormonesE. Leukemia1. Cancer of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow2. Risk factors: down syndrome, exposure to ionizing radiation, benzene, infection with HTLV-1 virus3. Nonspecific symptoms4. Diagnosed after blood tests and bone marrow biopsies5. Treated with chemotherapy, or chemotherapy plus bone marrow transplantF. Lymphoma symptoms are enlarged lymph nodes, intermittent fever, itching, weight loss, night sweatsG. Urinary bladder cancer1. Blood in the urine2. Risk factors: smoking, urban living, exposure to arsenic in water supply, occupational exposure to leather, dye, rubberH. Skin cancer1. Basal cell carcinomaa) Involves basal cells I base layer of epitheliumb) Rarely metastasizes, but should be removed2. Squamous cell carcinomaa) Involves epithelial cellsb) May metastasize slowly3. Melanomaa) Deadliest, but least common of skin cancersb) Cancer of the melanocytesc) Metastasizes quickly4. Early signs of skin cancera) Asymmetry: two halves of the affected area don’t matchb) Border: border is irregular in shapec) Color: varies or is blackd) Diameter: greater than 6 mme) Evolution: change in size, shape, color, or elevation; new symptoms such as bleeding, itching, or crustingI. Uterine, cervical cancers1. Uterine cancer risk factors: early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, not having children, estrogen use after menopause2. Cervical cancer caused by human papilloma virus infectionChapter 19 Genetics and InheritanceVI. Introductory genetics terminologyA. Genes: DNA sequences that contain instructions for building proteinsB. Genetics: study of genes and their transmission from one generation to the nextC. Genome: sum total of all of an organism’s DNAD. Chromosomes: structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteinE. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes1. 22 pairs of autosomes2. 1 pair of sex chromosomes: determine gender3. 1 of each pair of autosomes and 1 sex chromosome is inherited from eachparentVII. Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotypeA. Homologous chromosomes1. One member of each pair is inherited from each parent2. Look alike (size, shape, banding pattern)3. Not identical: may have different alleles of particular genesB. Alleles: alternative forms of a gene; alleles arise from mutationC. Homozygous: two identical alleles at a particular locusD. Heterozygous: two different alleles at a particular locusE. Genotype: an individual’s complete set of allelesF. Phenotype: observable physical and functional traitsVIII. Mendel established the basic principles of geneticsA. Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of inheritanceB. Law of segregation: gametes carry only one allele of each geneC. Law of independent assortment1. Genes for different traits are separated from each other independently during meiosis (applies in most cases)IX. Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive allelesA. Dominant allele1. Masks or suppresses the expression of its complementary allele2. Always expressed, even if heterozygousB. Recessive allele1. Will not be expressed if paired with a dominant allele (heterozygous)2. Will only be expressed if individual is homozygous for the recessive alleleX. Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traitsA. Law of independent assortmentB. The alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently during meiosisC. This law applies only if the two genes in question are on different