HIST 100 1st Edition Lecture 6- Gladiators o “swordsman”o “he vows to endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword” – vow of gladiators o mostly slaves and underclass often despised sometimes women gained honor in death - only if “died well”o no crying or showing fear- Spartacus o Thracian gladiator o Escaped from gladiatorial school Capua  Armed with kitchen utensils o Banned together and led a large group of slaves  Celtics, Greeks, Italians, and others o Several attempts from roman army to quell  Several failures, embarrassing o Finally, Crassus and pompey end It  Spartacus and 6,000 followers crucified- First Triumvirate (60 BC) o Crassus, Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar  Unofficial political unification - Actually kept secret for a time  To strengthen power against senatorial elite  Crassus and Pompey shared consulship in 30 BC  Caesar and Crassus already allies - Gave his daughter Julia to pompey to secure alliance o Caesar = popular with the people o Crassus= $$$o Pompey= military excellence and reputation - Destruction of alliance o Julia dies in child birth o Crassus dies in battle of carrhae First battle between Rome- Persia  One of the most crushing defeats in roman history o Caesar campaigning in Gaul o Pompey elected consul in 52 BC Began “mud slinging” at Caesar o Beginning of civil wars - Julius CaesarThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Conquest of Gaul o Invasion of Britain  Increased power threatened Pomp Told to lay down arms and return to Rome ( term had expired) - Refused  Crossing of Rubicon (49 BC)- Point of no return *- “the dye is cast”- Ignited  Dictatorship of Caesar - After civil wars the senate him 10 year dictatorship o To suppress all armed resistance in the provinces o Create a strong central government in romeo Knit the entire empire into a single cohesive unit  Thereby increasing his own power  Decreasing the power of the senate o Mark Antony was his second in command o Reforms to government and calendar * Julian vs Gregorian - Assassination of Julius Caesar o Ides of march o “liberators” conspiracy of senate  et tu brute= Shakespeare  killed because he was gaining too much power *- Cleopatra o Last pharaoh of ancient Egypt  Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt after alexander the great  Greek vs Egyptian language o Liaison with Marc Antony  To combat legal heir, Octavian  Cleopatra Selene II, alexander Helios, Ptolemy philadelphus  Battle of Actium o Octavian (Augustus Caesar) Adopted son of Caesar  Second triumvirate - Marc Antony - Marcus Lepidus  Breaks down - Caesarian, Antony, Cleopatra  Battle of Actium - Decisive victory for Octavian - Last battle of roman republic  Beginning of roman