HIST 100 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Martin Luther- German Monk- Major figure behind reformation - Studied scripture o Against indulgences o Didn’t believe all sacraments - Translated Bible into German - Ex- communicated from church- diet of worms - Wittenburg revolt of peasants – condemned them for violence 95 Theses - Thoughts on problems with the Catholic church o Pluralism o Indulgences o Sacraments John Calvin - Humanist Lawyer - Left Catholic Church - Geneva - Transubstantiation o Believed it was metaphorical not real - Pre- destination - Biblical literalist Significance of reformation - Break in catholic church to many sects - Made the church less significant as a power - Religious violence in Europe - Made possible by printing press Religious Climate of Reformation - Reform from inside church (Erasmus)- Branching of fromo Anglican (Henry VII)o Lutheran - People reading and interpreting bible for themselves o Translation and printing press o Church made irrelevant for protestant faith - Religion dictated by rulers of region o Changes between protestants and CatholicsHenry VII- Married Catherine of Aragon o No son - Wanted a divorce but church didn’t allow it - Anne Boleyn o Breaks from catholic church to start church of England (Anglican)- Has Anne executed- 6 wives total - Protestant church monarch at the head - Son: Edward VIo takes throne but dies o Mary takes throne (Catholicism) o Throne to Elizabeth (Anglican)  golden age of England Machiavelli - Wrote the prince o One of the first modern state craft books o How states and king should interact with people/each other in a modern state- Founder of political sciences - Humanist - Politician- Philosopher Studia Humanitatis - Study of humanities - Grammar - History - Poetry - University dominates scholasticismHumanism - Belief in human potential- Concern to develop human potential and value the individual - Comes in age of the renaissance Leonardo da Vinci - Renaissance artist - Oil blending - The last super, Mona Lisa - Natural sciences - Birds flying Characteristics of the Renaissance - Rebirth - Classics Greek and roman culture - Humanism - Express through art music literature plays modern state craft Renaissance Art - Religious patronage of art - More detail - More life like- Donatello, michael angelo, Raphael, Leonardo Printing Press - Access to books - Fewer errors in spelling – standardized - More books in other languages - Acquired more knowledge - Invented in Germany - Increase in literacy Pluralism - The practice of holding more than one office of church benefice at a time (problematic)Confession- Luther didn’t believe in confession – “middle man”- Acknowledging some personal fact that the person would prefer to keep hidden - Not in bibleTransubstantiation - The doctrine that the entire substances of the bread and wine are changed in the Eucharist into the body and blood Christ - Luther agrees, john Calvin doesn’t 95 Thesis - Created by Luther- Meant to be an academic discussion - Rejected indulgences- Printed in Europe- Made the church irrelevant - Brought the “Power of the bible” to the hands of the people Predestination - The doctrine that God had foreordained all souls to salvation or domination - It was especially associated with Calvinism Triangular trade - Slave trade - Sugar, tobacco, cotton-> European textiles, rum 8 manufactured goods-> Africa, slaves to Americans Middle Passage- Stage of triangular trade in which millions of people shipped to new world - 15% died- higher mortality rate before they left Africa Conquistadores - Spaniards that conquered the new world - Looking - Looking for Golding and silver – mining- Forced labor- Dark side of west civ- Spanish crown received 1/5 of revenue - Ex) Cortez took Aztec empire Islamic Legacy- Syrian Christian monks began to translate mathematics - Numerical system (1-9,0)- Decimals- Quadratic equations- Philosophy/ theater - Preserved Greek/ roman trevencies Motivation for exploration - Power and profit - Religion and the spread of Christianity - Middle – man trade between Europe, Africa and Asia Caravel- Bigger ship with multiple sails that were more efficient for exploration Henry the Navigator - First to venture into the Atlantic Ocean - For Portuguese expansion Colombian Exchange - Exchange of goods from Europe to America (vice versa) - Food animals and disease o Tabacco, potato, chili, sugar peanuts- new world to old worldo Horses disease (small pox, plague) cow- old world to new world Columbus - Arrived at Caribbean islands while sailing west in search for shorter route to spice markets of the far east - Spanish in search of gold - Europe- wide economic expansion - Led to long history of native American conquest, disease, and slave labor - Led to numerous species of fruit, vegetables, animals to America - Spread of European disease to native Americans Aztecs - Ancient society that lived in central Mexico (known for bloody sacrifice) - Mainly ruled over Tenochtitlan (Modern Day Mexico)- Conquered by Spanish (Cortes was leader of Spanish city)- Aztec emperor was Montezuma II - Spanish was driven out and almost wiped out but came back to siege Mex. City Incas - Ancient society that lived through the Andes - Developed commination system by knots on rope - Centrally located in Peru Developed road system “Romans of south America”Hernan Cortes - Conquistador - Conquered the Aztecs 550 troops 16 horses in 1519- Believed by the Aztecs to be quetzalquotel - Took Tenochtitlan hostage - Opened communication with Montezuma II Black Death - Two possible causes of what we believe today: Septic emic Plague: spread from fleas to black rats to human - Pneumonic Plague: airborne disease 95% mortality rate - Bubonic plague: gangrene of extremities and smooth painful lymph gland swelling - 1352: estimated 75% if Europe’s population was dead - After the plague: decreased population, workforce, abandoned land, cost of living decreased and rose in urban cities, led to renaissance - Believed causes: god, astrological, earthquakes, well poisoning by Jews - Cures: flagellants, none, pockets of posies, pogroms, quarantine Pogroms- Persecution of Jews in Europe during the Black death (blamed scapegoats)- Why- Jews were not getting the plague, due to their cleanliness (because of their faith)- Accusations spread (similar to crusades)- Massacres throughout Europe Flagellant Movement- Belief that one must punish themselves to show God they