BMS 300 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Appendages of Skin -exocrine glands -hair-nails/hooves II. Bone Structure -bone is an organ -long bone structure 1. diaphysis—compact bone osteons 2. epiphysis—spongy bone trabecular bone -osteon structure 1. oskocytes >collagen: resist sheer forces >hydroxyapatite: resist to compression-bone growth 1. chondrocytes at the growth plate 2. growth plate closure -bone remodeling 1. osteoclasts: breaker These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. osteocytes: maker 3. parathyroid hormone central III. The endocrine system -requirements 1. sender: hormone releasing cell 2. messenger: hormone 3. receiver: hormone specific receptor Outline of Current Lecture IV. The Endocrine System -secretion without ducts -functions 1. chemical intracellular communication >autocrine >paracrine >endocrine V. The Chemical Signals -hormones 1. peptides/proteins 2. modified amino acids >tyrosine >tryptophan 3. modified cholesterol>steroids 4. modified fatty acids >prostaglandins VI. Receptor for the Signal -hormone receptor interaction H + a HR (hormone receptor) -law of massration-equilibrium: Kd VII. Concept of affinity: “stickiness” VIII. Concept of specificity -FIT IX. Effects -enzyme activity -channel activity -exo/endocytosis -gene regulation Current LectureEndocrine System-communication between molecules (cells) using chemicals 1. sending cells: releases hormone 2. receiving cell: responds to hormone Autocrine: (self) the same receiving and same Paracrine: (nearby) same neighborhood where responding Endocrine: hormone is released into the blood -the hormones don’t know where they are going-the only cells that recognize are with receptors -response of the cell depends on its ability to bind hormone specifically to a receptorReceptor Affinity and Specificity -release a hormone into the blood (all types of hormones) -the hormone concentration is around 10^-9 to 10^-12 molar which is remarkably lowAffinity: the receptors must be sticky for the hormone >the concentration where these bone in the affinity -we will see hydrogen bonding, vanderwals forces, and hydrophobic bonds -hormone + receptor hormone receptor (H + R HR) **The ONLY cells that respond are the ones that match the receptor aka they have to match! Kd: dissociation constant -the concentration of hormones at which ½ of the receptors are occupied -when you raise the concentration more will be occupied -normally there are not enough hormones to bond all the receptors -the higher the Kd the more can bond to the receptors Hydrophilic Hormones binding to a Transmembrane protein receptor -a transmembrane protein receptor is where peptides/ proteins are -these peptides/proteins are big and tend to have a polar charge Adenoolyocyclase: regulates enzyme activity -regulation of ion channels is whether the channel opens or not and regulates the movement of ions into and out of the cell Cell Regulation by Hydrophobic Hormones -steroid hormone—which is a cholesterol
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