BMS 300 1st edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Protein structure -role of R-groups in tertiary structure of a protein 1. folding of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups 2. role of geometric shape (3D) in proteins function > liquid/substitute -role of R-groups in transmembrane protein 1. orientation of hydrophobic R-groups in lipid bilayer2. single pass across the membrane3. multiple pass as R channelsII. Structure of eukaryotic cells -prokaryotes1. bacteria 2. archaea -eukaryotes 1. specialization of function through membrane and compartments -chromosomes in the nucleus 1. DNA molecules -histones as organizing and regulating DNA binding proteins These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-histones as species -ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum Outline of Current Lecture I. The nucleus -DNA chromosomes -histones-nuclear poresII. Ribosomes-protein synthesis -composed mostly of RNA III. Endoplasmic Reticulum-rough endoplasmic reticulum -short endoplasmic reticulum IV. Vesicles -transport containers V. Golgi apparatus-protein modification 1. proteins from RER VI. Vesicle-plasma membrane 1. exocytosis-lysosomes Current LectureNucleus -nuclear pores: open pores in the nucleus >there are several hundred proteins that regulate traffic into and out of the nucleus >descriptive>highly structured organization -the chromosomes are always confined in the nucleus -the biology revolves around the central dogma -regulates the movement of RNACentral dogma-DNA stores information about protein structures -transcribes DNA into RNA that is confined to the nucleus -RNA contains the information for the amino acid structures (cytoplasmic) of protein-protein is the translated from RNA -RNA is made from DNA only in the nucleus Ribosomes: the factory to make proteins (mostly RNA) -key player in proteins synthesis-they are responsible for making synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins -cytoplasmic structure Endoplasmic reticulum: membrane bound compartment inside the cell -responsible for synthesizing cytoplasmic proteins -plastic bag example: the bag is the endoplasmic reticulum and in between is an openingwhich is called the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum -the region of the ER where ribosomes are attached is the rough endoplasmic reticulum-where the ribosomes aren’t attached is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum -synthesize the three types of proteinsTypes of proteins-secreted -transmembrane -lysosomeExocytosis: vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane Golgi apparatus (Golgi stack): final processing of proteins arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum -there is an addition of sugars to the protein -the vesicle finds its way to the Golgi stack which fuses together and delivers proteins Lysosome Protein-protected enzymes that convert protein peptides -desensitize phospholipids -transmembrane proteins >H+ pumps that acidify the cyclostome Endocytosis and targeting to the lysosomes-macrophage: nonspecific immune system, innate immune
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