BMS 300 J. Walrond Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. The nucleus -DNA chromosomes -histones-nuclear poresII. Ribosomes-protein synthesis -composed mostly of RNA III. Endoplasmic Reticulum-rough endoplasmic reticulum -short endoplasmic reticulum IV. Vesicles -transport containers V. Golgi apparatus-protein modification 1. proteins from RER VI. Vesicle-plasma membrane 1. exocytosis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-lysosomes Outline of Current Lecture I. Mitochondria and the cytoskeleton-mitochondria 1. structure2. function -use O2 to generate ATP—Oxidative phosphorylation3. history of the mitochondria -capture-genetic lining -the cytoskeleton 1. protein polymers with protection ability 2. microtubules-polymers of tubulin 3. filament actin-polymer of G-actin 4. intermediate of filament proteins II. Microtubules structure -tubulin assembly -polarity of molecules -microtubules as substrate for movement 1. kinesin-structure-ATPase -motor function -dynein -actin using myosin Current LectureMitochondria-the function of the mitochondria is the use of an O2 receptor to generate adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate -use this adenosine diphosphate as an energy storage device -to do this we use oxygen in oxidative phosporation (how we make ATP) -there are enzymes called glycolytic enzymes which generate ATP called glycolysis -for the most part our cells cannot function without oxygen and they can’t generate ATP without the mitochondria History of Mitochondria-different structure...it has two membranes around it-bacteria have bi-membrane structures as well -the mitochondria are like bacteria -when she tested the RNA and DNA in the mitochondria she found that they were similar to the RNA and DNA in bacteria -all the mitochondria found in your body comes from the mitochondria in your mothers -MAKES ATPOrganization of the Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic Cells-cytoplasmic proteins that self-assemble in the polymers 1. microtubules>self-assemble from tubulin molecules 2. Filamentous actin >self assembles from actin monomer-Gactin 3. intermediate filament protein >intermediate filament monomer -microfilament -keratin -the microtubules and filamentous actin are important for vesicular transport Structural Organization of Microtubules -the self-assembly of tubulin into microtubules -when we look at a tubulin molecule it looks like a peanut molecule with an alpha subunit and a beta subunit -the first step is to assemble the molecules end to end (like making pop beads) -they will self-assemble side to side -if you carry the organization out it would generate a giant sheet but it doesn’t do that there’s curve to it to generate it as a tubule -there’s always 13 tubulins generated side by side in a tube -the tubulin molecules self-assemble side to side and end to end always alpha on one side and beta on the other -the plus end is the end where tubulin molecules add -the minus end is the end where the tubulin disassembles -they tack on the plus end -they fall off the negative endNeuron-highly A-symmetric -all the same machinery of a normal cell -down the cell there are a bunch of microtubules lined up -the minus end is towards the cell body and the plus end is towards the other direction-the substrate is the microtubule but the motor is kinesin -kinesin is a plus end directed motor -the kinesin has a lychee at the top which helps it link to the microtubule -it binds in such a way that one “foot” latches on two beta subunits -the “feet” have the capacity to bind ATP-the “feet” cleave ATP into ADP and Pi -there’s a series of events that allow the kinesin to let go and then move to the next beta subunit -kinesin always walk from the plus end to the minus end...kinesin is a plus end directed motor -there’s a related molecule called dynein which does the same thing as kinesin but it is a negative end directed
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