!Exam%#%1%Study%Guide%Lectures:%1%5%15%Lecture'1'(August'25th,'2014)'!Describe(the(different(components(of(water.(What(does(the(structure(of(water(look(like?(What(makes(water(so(different?(((Water!Structure:!!Water!is!composed!of!1!atom!of!oxygen!and!2!atoms!of!hydrogen.!!It!is!also!covalently!linked!which!makes!it!a!polar!molecule.!!In!the!structure!of!water!the!hydrogen!atom!doesn’t!get!as!much!time!with!the!electrons!because!the!electrons!have!been!pulled!away!from!the!hydrogen!and!instead!spend!most!of!their!time!with!the!oxygen.!!!!What!makes!water!so!different?!The!things!that!make!water!so!different!are!that!it!has!a!dipole!moment!for!example!the!image!of!the!beaker!of!water!the!molecules!are!interacting!so!the!positive!ends!on!the!hydrogen!! !!interact!with!the!negative!ends!of!a!water!molecule!(like!little!magnets!holding!the!! !!! !!water!molecules!together).!!Water!is!also!liquid!at!room!temperature!because!of!the!hydrogen!bonds!that!it!forms.!!!**also!note:!!! G!Surface!tension:!happens!because!of!the!interaction!between!hydrogen!bonds!! ! >ex:!when!you!put!water!in!a!beaker!and!there’s!a!meniscus!!!!Describe(ion(solubility(and(the(different(components(of(it.(Draw(a(“shell(of(hydration”(and(what(happens(when(you(add(salt(to(a(water(beaker.(((Ion!Solubility:!Ion!solubility!means!that!the!ions!are!charged.!!For!example!see!the!image!below,!but!!when!you!put!salt!into!water!the!bonding!happens!at!a!!molecular!level!and!when!the!water!molecules!strike!the!sodium!chloride!ion!some!of!the!sodium!ions!come!off!and!the!same!goes!for!the!negatively!charged!chloride!ions.!!Then!the!chloride!ion!then!interacts!with!the!positive!end!of!the!hydrogen!ion.!!! Gthe!ions!are!hydrophilic!(water!loving)!!! Gthe!sodium!ions!with!have!a!“shell!of!hydration”!around!them!with!the!oxygen!facing!! !! !!them!!! Gthe!chloride!ions!will!have!a!“shell!of!hydration”!around!them!with!the!hydrogen!facing!!!! !!them!!Lecture'2'(August'27th,'2014)'Describe(how(ions(diffusion(across(barriers.(What’s(the(difference(between(diffusion(across(a(barrier(and(water(diffusion.('!!''''''BMS'300''''1nd'Edition'! !!Diffusion:!! When!looking!at!the!image!that!is!attached!below!we!can!use!the!same!water!beaker!example.!!Basically!there!can!be!using!the!same!example!of!the!water!beaker!image!from!yesterday!you!can!see!how!Na+!and!ClG!dissociate!completely!and!they!will!diffuse!from!higher!to!lower!concentrations!which!will!cause!them!to!reach!an!equilibrium.!!! Gthe!different!charges!are!important,!whether!they!are!positive!or!negative!!!!!Diffusion!across!a!Barrier!! To!diffuse!across!a!barrier!separate!the!beaker!into!two!compartments!with!a!barrier!where!the!right!hand!side!contains!one!liter!of!water!and!the!left!hand!side!contains!water,!sodium!ions,!and!chloride!ions!which!will!be!randomly!distributed!throughout!the!column!of!water.!!There!are!no!breaks!in!the!barrier!so!the!ions!remain!on!the!side!of!the!barrier!then!you!add!“ion!selective!channels”!in!the!barrier!one!that’s!chloride!specific!and!one!!that’s!sodium!specific!channel.!!Eventually!over!time!this!will!cause!you!to!reach!and!equilibrium!between!the!two!channels.!!!IMPORTANT!TO!KNOW:!!***the!randomness!of!this!diffusion!across!the!barriers!!***how!we!end!up!reaching!the!equilibrium!!***how!things!move!from!higher!to!lower!concentration!!!Water!Diffusion!(osmosis)!!Basically!the!same!as!diffusion!across!a!barrier!but!there!are!water!channels!“aquaporin”!which!are!!water!specific!channels!.!!When!water!moves!through!the!aquaporin!this!is!called!osmosis.!!!IMPORTANT!TO!KNOW:!!***equilibrium!is!reached!because!as!the!water!moves!from!right!to!left!and!fills!higher!and!higher!the!left!hand!compartment!which!causes!the!weight!of!the!water!to!offset!the!right!and!the!left!side!of!the!beaker!!! !!(What(is(the(difference(between(hydrophobic(and(hydrophilic?(((! GHydrophobic:!!! ! >uncharged!(lack!charge)!! ! >water!fearing!! ! >triglycerides:!animal!fats!and!vegetable!oil!! Ex:!making!salad!dressing!!! ! ! *when!you!mix!the!water!vinegar!and!oil!together!droplets!of!oil!go!into!!! ! ! !!the!water!!! ! ! *after!it!sits,!a!layer!of!oil!goes!to!the!top!!! ! ! *oil!is!not!soluble!because!it!lacks!charge!! GHydrophilic:!!! ! >charged!!! ! >polar!! ! >water!loving!!! ! >Na+,!ClG,!Ca2+,!K+,!ethanol!(all!highly!water!soluble)!!What(is(the(structure(of(a(triglyceride?(What(is(dehydration(synthesis?(Draw(and(describe(the(“salad(dressing”(example.(((Structure!&!Synthesis!of!triglycerides!! We!start!out!with!the!3!carbon!structure!glycerol!which!forms!the!backbone!of!the!triglyceride.!We!then!link!3!fatty!acids!to!the!glycerol!to!for!a!triglyceride!(carboxylic!acid).!!!!IMPORTANT!TO!KNOW:!!***to!form!a!fatty!acid!there!may!be!16,!18,!or!20!carbons!linked!to!each!other!!! !***the!long!structure!is!uncharged!!(Dehydration!synthesis!Basically!when!you!take!a!water!molecule!and!combine!to!create!a!new!molecule!Gthe!H!from!the!carboxylic!acid!and!the!OH!from!the!glycerol!go!together!which!then!forms!a!new!bond!called!a!ester'bond!which!then!creates!a!triglyceride.!!A!triglyceride!molecule!is!highly!insoluble!in!water.!!*see!the!image!below!for!an!example!of!triglycerides!being!insoluble!in!water!and!the!structure!and!synthesis!of!triglycerides!!Describe(phospholipids(as(amphipathic(molecules.(Draw(out(a(phospholipid((!Phospholipid:!amphipathic!molecules!(amphi:!both,!pathic:!feeling)!! Gcharacteristics!of!lipid!which!makes!one!portion!of!it!hydrophobic!!Start!with!the!typical!phospholipid!and!its!3!carbon!backbone!on!the!number!3!carbon!use!the!alcohol!on!the!number!3!carbon!and!form!a!covalent!bond,!take!the!oxygen!and!link!it!to!a!O,!P,!and!O!which!then!creates!a!phosphodiester'bond!which!causes!that!end!of!the!molecule!to!be!charged!and!that!end!is!called!a!phosphate'head'group.!!**see!image!for!a!phospholipid!and!a!phosphate!head!group!!! !!!Lecture'3'(August'28th,'2014)'(Describe(micelles(and(liposomes.(Draw(out(their(structure.(((Micelle!! A!micelle!is!a!circle!type!organization!of!a!phosphate!head!groups!with!their!heads!pointed!outwards!towards!the!water!and!their!tails!pointed!inward!away!from!the!water!if!you!put!a!molecule!of!water!into!the!middle!of!the!micelle!it!will!explode!because!the!tails!are!hydrophobic!**not!a!stable!state!Liposome!! A!liposome!starts!out!looking!just!like!a!micelle!with!its!tails!are!pointed!inward!!to!make!it!a!stable!structure!with!water!on!the!inside!there!are!phospholipids!on!the!! !!
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