Animal/Dairy Science 434Lec 2:Female comparative anatomy;History of Reproductive PhysiologyKangaroo Rat HumanOvarian DifferencesCowMareSow• Inversion of the cortex andmedulla.• Ovulation occurs at theOvulation FossaCowSowCow, Sow, Ewe, Human• Cortex on outside• Ovulation can occur onany point of the ovaryMareMareBlood vesselsand connectivetissue in medullaPreovulatory TertiaryFollicleInternal CLCowSowMareUterine and CervicalDifferencesDuplexOposum Rabbit, Mouse2 Cervixes2 Uterine Horns2 Vaginas 1 VaginaBicornuateEweCow Sow1 Vagina1 Cervix1 Uterine Body2 Uterine HornsSmalleruterinehornsLargeuterinehornsBicornuate1 Vagina1 Cervix1 Uterine Body2 Uterine HornsLarge uterine bodySmaller uterine hornsMareBicornuate1 Vagina1 Cervix1 Uterine Body2 Uterine HornsDogCatSmall uterine bodyLong uterine hornsSimplexWoman1 Vagina1 Cervix1 Uterine BodyLarge uterine bodyNo uterine hornsHuman TractHuman Tract A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy forexcessively heavy menses. She had previously had fournormal deliveries. This structure was removed, what iswrong?Cervix•Cervix is composedof thick connectivetissueCOWCow has 4-5annular ringsUterine BodyVaginaExternal Cervical OsInternal Cervical Os• Mucus is secretednear the time ofbreeding andovulation.NoobstaclesInterdigitatingpadsNofornix vaginaMare SowUterine Body Uterine BodyVaginaFornix VaginaLongitudinalFoldsVaginaCervixCervicalRingCervicalRingFornixFornixFornixAnterior Vagina Anterior VaginaCOWEWEExternal OsInternal OsCervixSow MareCervicalFoldsIPFVExternal GenitaliaMare CowSowEweWhat is this?Human TractExternal GenitaliaVaginaAnterior VaginaPosterior Vagina (Vestibule)ColumnarEpitheliumStratifiedSquamousEpitheliumSubmucosaUrethraSubmucosaMucosaFornixVulva-VaginalSphincter(Hymen)CervixInfundibulumOvaryOviductUteruscloacavaginaLeft side of Reproductive Tract Develops!!Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!!MagnumIsthmusShell GlandAvianFemaleAnatomyalbumenshell membranecleaving blastodiscshellRightOviductIntestinechalazaeperivitellinemembrane24 hrs50K cells24 hrs50K cellsChicken TractOvaryMagnumShell GlandIntestineChicken OvaryHierarchalFolliclesOvary withlarge folliclesremovedRuptured follicleChicken Reproductive TractFolliclesInfundibulumMagnumIsthmusShell GlandCloacaInfundibulumCloacaVaginaVaginalopeningIntestineopeningCloaca of ChickenVagina openingIntestineopeningHistorical Development ofReproductive PhysiologyAristotle 384-322 BCGeneration of Animals• Fetus arises frommenstrual blood• Seminal plasma initiatesthe conversion ofmenstrual blood• Semen from all parts ofbodyThe Age of Gross Anatomy• Fallopius (1562)– Describes the oviduct• Coiter (1573)– Describes the corpus luteum• Regnier de Graff (1672)– Describes the antral follicle (Graafian Follicle)Development of the Microscope• van Leewenhoek (1677)– Describes spermatozoain semenWhat is the role of spermatozoa?• Spallanzani (1780)– Sperm were the fertilizing agent in semen– Successful artificial insemination of a dog• Dumas (1825)– Proves sperm the fertilizing agentModern Reprod. Physiology• Gonads produce steroid hormones• Regulation of estrous cycles in females• Radioimmunoassay (RIA)• Artificial Insemination• Cryopreservation• Prostaglandin used to control estrouscycles• BiotechnologyApproach to Applications• Develop basic knowledge of howsystem works• Investigate methods that can perturbthe system• Manipulate the system to improvereproduction– Estrus SynchronizationEnhancing Reproduction• Small improvements have profoundeffects on production– 3% improvement in birth rate results in anadditional:• 1 million beef calves/year• 3.2 million pigs/year• 3.7 million gallons of milk/yearCurrent TrendsProductionReproductionMetabolicandPhysiologicChanges• Continuing need to:– improve reproductive performance– understand how to apply new technology• Ovsynch• ClonningLimiting
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