Animal Science 434 Reproductive PhysiologyWhat is the function of the endocrine system?Integration of Body FunctionsNeuro-endocrine ResponseManipulation of the Endocrine SystemEndocrine GlandExocrine GlandHormoneEndocrine GlandsClassification and Properties of HormoneSlide 11Location of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandHypothalamusFunction of HypothalamusReleasing Hormones of the HypothalamusSlide 16Slide 17Cells of the Anterior PituitaryPowerPoint PresentationAnterior Pituitary HormonesSlide 21Structure of LH, FSH and TSHAnterior PituitarySlide 24Posterior Pituitary HormonesPlacental HormonesGonadal Polypeptide HormonesGonadal SteroidsSteroid SynthesisGonadal Steroids Cont.Slide 31Other HormonesSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Chemical Structure of HormonesSlide 39Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont.Slide 41Mechanism of Hormone ActionSlide 43Receptor StructureSlide 45cAMP Second Messenger HormonesSlide 47Calcium Second Messenger HormonesSteroid Hormone ActionFeedback LoopsAnimal Science 434Reproductive PhysiologyLecture 6 and 7: EndocrinologyWhat is the function of the endocrine system?Integration of Body Functions•nervous and endocrine systems are similar•nervous system»seconds•endocrine system»minutes and hoursNeuro-endocrine ResponseManipulation of the Endocrine System•Hormones can be used to regulate body functions»growth (anabolic steroids)»lactation (GH or STH)»birth control (Estradiol, Progesterone)»estrous cycle (PGF2)»superovulation and embryo transplant (FSH,eCG)»parturition (oxytocin)Endocrine Gland•A ductless gland•Secretes substances (hormones) into blood or lymph that affect cells elsewhere in the body•The secretion does not involve loss of tissueExocrine Gland•A gland with ducts that are used for secretionHormone•Substance produced by endocrine gland•Acts on cells, tissues or organs at a place other than where produced•Acts as a catalyst.Testes(in bull)PlacentaUterusOvaryAdrenalPinealHypothalamusPituitaryPancreasThyroidEndocrine GlandsClassification and Properties of HormoneA. Site of ProductionB. Type of action1. Primary hormone of reproduction2. Metabolic hormoneC. Chemical Structure1. General structure–Proteins and polypeptides–Steroids–Fatty acids–Modified amino acid2. SizeClassification and Properties of HormoneA. Site of ProductionB. Type of action1. Primary hormone of reproduction2. Metabolic hormoneC. Chemical Structure1. General structure–Proteins and polypeptides–Steroids–Fatty acids–Modified amino acid2. SizeLocation of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandHypothalamusFunction of Hypothalamus•appetite•thirst•body temperature•vasomotor activity•emotion•use of body nutrient reserves•activity of intestine•sleep•sexual behavior•Production and release of releasing hormonesReleasing Hormones of the HypothalamusA. Structure•short chain polypeptides (3 - 44 amino acids)B. General Function•to cause the release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary glandReleasing Hormones of the HypothalamusC.Hormones•Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)»LH, FSH release•Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) »TSH and prolactin release•Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)»ACTH release•Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)•Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)HypothalamusCells of the Anterior Pituitary•LH•FSH•Prolactin•STH•TSH•ACTHHypothalamusHypothalamusNerve CellsNerve CellsSuperior hypophyseal arteryHypophyseal portal vesselsCapillary plexusPosterior pituitaryCapillary plexusPreoptic nuclei cellPreoptic nuclei cellAnterior Pituitary HormonesA. Structure1. glycoproteins or proteinsB. Hormones1. gonadotropins»Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)»Luteinizing hormone (LH)»ProlactinAnterior Pituitary Hormones2.Other trophic hormones•Adrenal Corticotropin (ACTH)•thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) •growth hormone (GH or STH)Structure of LH, FSH and TSH•Made of 2 amino acid chains• chains are the same• chains differ and give specificityS SHypothalamusHypothalamusNerve CellsNerve CellsPosterior pituitary• Oxytocin• ADHParaventricular nuclei cellParaventricular nuclei cellSupraoptic nuclei cellSupraoptic nuclei cellAnterior PituitaryCapillary plexusHypothalamusNuclei that produce posterior pituitary hormonesNuclei that produce posterior pituitary hormonesPosterior Pituitary HormonesA.Structure•polypeptides (9 amino acids)B. Hormone•Oxytocin - contraction of smooth musclePlacental Hormones•Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)»Formation of accessory CL and maintains pregnancy•Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)»Maintains primate CL and pregnancy•Placental Lactogen (PL)»Development of the mammary gland in the mother•Steroids - Estrogen and ProgesteroneGonadal Polypeptide Hormones•Relaxin»Secreted by CL during pregnancy.»Parturition•Inhibin»Inhibits FSH releaseGonadal SteroidsA. General»Origin - ovary, testis, adrenal»Structure23451016789 14131211151617191820DCBASteroidSynthesisHOOHOOHHOCH3C OOCH3C OHOCholesterolPregnenoloneEstradiolProgesteroneTestosterone27-C27-C21-C21-C19-C19-C18-C18-C21-C21-CGonadal Steroids Cont.A.General Cont.»Solubility–Bound to a binding protein for transportB.Type of Steroids»Androgens - Testosterone»Estrogen - Estradiol»Progestin - ProgesteroneSteroidSynthesisHOOHOOHHOCH3C OOCH3C OHOCholesterolPregnenoloneEstradiolProgesteroneTestosteroneMitochondriaMitochondriaSmooth ERSmooth EROther HormonesA. Prostaglandins1. PGF2Lipid Hormones - ProstaglandinsFatty AcidsProstaglandins1. Produced by all tissues of body2. Can have a local effect on tissues (same tissue which produced it)3. Rapidly degraded in lungsPhospholipids- Rate limiting (Phospholipase A2)- Precursor to ProstaglandinsAspirin inhibitsArachidonic AcidCyclo-oxygenasePGE2PGF2•Vasodilation•Maintain CL•Ovulation•Implantation•Vasoconstriction•CL regression•Ovulation•Parturition•Sperm transportOther HormonesB. Melatonin1. Secreted from the pineal gland.2. Is a modified amino acid3. Functions to integrate effects of light on reproductive processes.Other HormonesC. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG)1. Anterior pituitary gland»Secreted in menopause, FSH-like activity»Isolated from urinea. Perganol - superovulationClassification and Properties of HormoneA. Site of ProductionB. Type of action1.Primary hormone of reproduction (FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone)2.Metabolic hormone (thyroxin,
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