1Updated:11/29/07Artificial InseminationJohn ParrishUpdated:11/29/07Two cows standing next to eachother in a field. Daisy says toDolly, "I was artificiallyinseminated this morning."! "Idon't believe you," said Dolly."It's true, no bull!" exclaimedDaisy.Updated:11/29/07History of Artificial Insemination• Handout linked to lecture outlineUpdated:11/29/07History of Artificial Insemination• Arab Chieftains» Stole semen to breed mares• Leeuwenhook - 1677» Used microscope to see sperm• Spallenzani - 1780» Sperm could fertilize» Cooling and freezing inactivated sperm andupon warming sperm were reactivatedUpdated:11/29/07History of Artificial Insemination• Ivanov (Russia) - 1900» Developed methods as we know today» Most work was with horses but did somecattle and pig work• Denmark - 1933» First dairy cooperative• First US AI Cooperative - 1937» First US dairy cooperative in New JerseyUpdated:11/29/07History of Artificial Insemination• Dairy cooperatives increase in numbers -1940’s and 1950’s• Dairy cooperatives merge and form largecompanies that dominate cattle AIindustry - 1960’s to present• All turkey’s bred AI - 1960’s to present• Expansion of swine AI - 1990’s• Expansion of horse AI - 1990’s2Updated:11/29/07Objectives of Artificial Insemination• Genetic improvement of livestock• Disease control mechanism• Possible to increase fertility• Decrease breeding expenseUpdated:11/29/07Current Status of US Industry• Dairy Cattle» 7 million (50%) - in Denmark, Japan, 90-100%• Beef Cattle» 1.3 million (3%)• Swine» 80 - 90 %• Turkey» 100%• Horses» Increasing rapidlyUpdated:11/29/07Advantages of AI• Genetic Improvement» Wide spread use and availability ofgenetically superior sires» 1 bull can breed 500,000 cows in a lifetime» After death, semen can be used• Oldest frozen semen 40 - 45 years old• Rapid proof of sire» Progeny testing examines offspring fordesired traits» With natural mating would only have 100’s ofoffspringUpdated:11/29/07Advantages of AI (cont.)• Availability of sires» Sires anywhere in worldUpdated:11/29/07Updated:11/29/073Updated:11/29/07Updated:11/29/07Advantages of AI (cont.)• Availability of sires» Sires anywhere in world• Danger of bull (male) removed• Disease reduction• Crossbreeding» Can try without buying sire» Designer animalsUpdated:11/29/07CrossbreedingUpdated:11/29/07Advantages of AI (cont.)• Economics» Cost of sire genetics reduced• Many doses/ejaculate» Sire maintenance costreduced• Fewer sires requiredUpdated:11/29/07Disadvantages• Estrus detection must be good• Trained inseminator• Bull semen the best, other species not asgood• Use of poor male may increase if nottested well• Technology to store cooled or frozensemen» Difficult to maintainUpdated:11/29/07Insemination of the Female• Detection of estrus» No need to review this material• Time of insemination» Cattle (2X daily heat detection)• 12 hours after observed in standing heat (AM - PMrule)• Inseminate on the day of estrus• Ovsynch, Co-Synch, Cidr - timed AI» Swine (2X daily heat detection)• Sow - 24 and 36 hours after first seen in estrus• Gilt - 12 and 24 hours after first seen in estrus4Updated:11/29/07Insemination of the Female» Sheep• 12 to 18 hours after first seen in estrus» Horses• Every second day beginning on day 3 of heat• Breed when reach 40 - 45 mm follicle• Breed 24 hours after HCG injection– HCG given when a >35 mm follicle is present– Ovulation is 36 to 40 hours after HCGUpdated:11/29/07Follicle Size DeterminationUpdated:11/29/07Insemination of the Female» Dogs• Bitches ovulate around day 10 after they enter proestrus(discharge) or about 1 - 2 days of estrus.• Ovulation can be detected by:– LH assay (peak LH value + one day)– Progesterone assay (>5 ng/ml)– Cytology of vaginal smear (>50% cornified cells)• Remember oocytes in the canine are ovulated as 1° oocytesand must mature in the oviduct to a 2° oocyte beforefertilization.• Fresh or cooled semen, inseminate 2 days after ovulationdetected and again 48 - 72 hr latter.• Frozen semen, inseminate on day 5 - 7 after ovulation• Uterine insemination better than cervicalUpdated:11/29/07Insemination of the Female• Insemination protocol» Rectal-vaginal» VaginalUpdated:11/29/07Insemination of the CowRectal-Vaginal ApproachUpdated:11/29/07Artificial Insemination in the MareVaginal5Updated:11/29/07Artificial Insemination in the SowUpdated:11/29/07Artificial insemination in the BitchUpdated:11/29/07Factors Effecting Conception Rate• Time of insemination» If after ovulation then get aging of oocytes• Exception is the dog• # of sperm inseminated• Fertility of males• Skill of inseminatorUpdated:11/29/07Use and Success of AISpecies Liquid Frozen Preg. Rate Major ProblemsDairy Cattle OK OK 60-70 OK, need good heat(Heifer/Dry) detection(Lact. Cow) 30-40 Do not show heatBeef Cattle OK OK 55-65 Range area large:poor heat detectionSheep OK Fair 50-65 Large range; low valueof eweSwine OK Fair 40-85 Estrus detectionHorses OK Fair 30-60 Timing insemination,breed restrictionsTurkey OK Poor 90 NoneHumans OK Fair 5-30 Donors; infertility; timeDogs OK Fair-Good 30-90 Frozen must be
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