HIST 2112 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 17 - 24Lecture 17 (March 27)I. The “Fabulous” Fifties?A. The Civil Rights Movement: The “Second Reconstruction”- Sharecropping: tar-paper shacks… legacy of civil war 80 years later- 14th amendment: black people are citizens (slaves)- 15th amendment: black men can vote- 19th amendment: women can vote- These are not really enforced until the civil rights movement and afterII. Why the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?A. WWII- War changes things- Lot of black men who are in military in WWII, go to Europe and are not allowed in combat- Seriously segregated US military… black soldiers walk into streets of Europe to find no segregation there D: This is what life could be like in the US!!- Come back from WWII wearing your uniform, you have contributed todefeating Nazi’s… gives you huge pride… how come I can fight for this country and come home to be a second-class citizen??- Blacks had to form their own unionsB. Cold War- Russians/Soviets: not really models of democracy- Soviets comment about how America is not really free… just look at your blacks who are enslaved.- Civil Rights people fight to have their ducks in a row as far as democracy goes… fight for equality and freedomC. Expectations in a consumer society- 1950s, economic growth is so intense, that everybody makes more money and are doing better… creates a sense of the sky is the limit!- Everything is possible… Blacks think why not improve race relations while improving the economy?III. The Legal Approach: early 1950s- Robert Frank picture… The Americans- Takes pictures of everyday people in the 1950s… bus with whites in front and blacks in the back- If you can get laws supporting segregation in places like schools abolished, then that will bring equality. - You go out & violate segregation laws… get trial… trial becomes law about laws itself because they’re Unconstitutional laws… removes keystones of segregation. A. The NAACP and Brown vs. Board, 1954- NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- Most hated organization in the south- Goes after school segregation laws- Brown vs. Board: segregation in schools (Topeka, Kansas) 1954o Supreme Court rules that segregation in school is unconstitutionalo Separate but equal is automatically make a judgment about who is better and who is not… it is neither separate nor equalo Panic in the south…o 1955: Supreme Court says get moving will all deliberant speed on this…a. “Massive Resistance”: segregationists try to resist de-segregation 1. George Wallace, Lester Maddox, “School choice,” “segregation academics,” etc.o People absolutely refuse and say “MAKE ME!”- George Wallace during 1930s was a strong liberal when it came to race... joked that he was a socialist… judge who made it where you had to respect blacks in the court room by calling them Mr. and Mrs.o Government… wants to be Governor (tried to win with socialprograms, loses) and eventually president… o Needed issue to become elected… rabid support for segregation… gets elected as governor o Goes and apologizes to all civil rights people when he has an epiphany after almost being assassinated 2. Civil Rights as “communism”o MLK… at Communist training school… a guy sneaks in and takes pictures of ito Little communists in the 1950s… attached themselves to the civil rights movement- how little number of people there areB. Little Rock High School Desegregated, 1957- Federal order: you’ve waited long enough… now desegregate- it’s been three years- Fall of 57’ is the year we’ll desegregate- A large white mob surrounds the school to physically prevent the 9 black students that are coming.- Orval Farbis (governor) decides that maybe he can be the strong segregationists and makes a stand… orders Arkansas national guard tophysically surround the school to prevent them from entering.. This goes against the Supreme Court- What is the president going to do?? : He doesn’t like the threat to the federal government and executive power by Orval Farbis… He will not be pushed around by a governor…- He nationalizes the national guard which he sends home… send in the101 airborne division and escorts those 9 to school for the entire year- The school board shuts down the year after (for a year) so they don’t have to desegregate… - Legal Approach is not working… have to do something more than change the laws…IV. The “Civil Disobedience” Approach: 1955-1965: faze of protestsA. Major Inspiration: murder of Emmett Till, 1955o Major shifter… brings people to realization that you need more than the NAACP- you have to get out on the streets yourself and make the changeB. Montgomery bus Boycott: 1955o Rosa Parks story NAACP activists for years… not the first person to do this,she’s just the most famous… this was definitely planned! Looking for trials and jailing a. Debut of MLK and the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conferenceo The entire black community organizes through the churches and uses their power to boycott the buses… we’re going to carpool or walk; we will not use the buses.o Put pressure on the bus system and crack them with this- speeches, protests, etc.o For a year this goes on… the bus company almost goes out of business… eliminates the segregation on the buses because they almost economically collapsed… needed the black’s businesso Use your body & organization to make a change :D o SCLC: if the NAACP was legal, then the SCLC was for organization and moderate protests… thought NAACP was too conservative and not aggressive enough- almost like unions were these groupsC. “Sit-Ins”: early 1960so Asked to leave… sit all day… day in and day out… large white groups gathersto harass them… sit-in movement- 220 movementso College students leading thisD. “Nonviolence” as official strategy: religious conviction, not everybody believe in this philosophy… trained how not to react to these horrid situations thougha. Birmingham Protests, 1963: March peacefully… Bull Conner (police chief) sprays them with hoses, attacked by dogs, etc. Strategically brilliant to not react… o Dangerous because you cannot rely on help from the police…o Cops were the Klan… o Demand to desegregate police!!b. Freedom Rides, 1961: sit-in on a buso Went to the north to Oxford, OH… Rode bus to AL… nobody segregated, just