HIST 2112Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-16Lecture 8 (February 6)- Progressives: people of the Progressive Era, normally middle class professionals (white collar workers), 3rd group of people threatened by Industrialism, not radical (no speak of revolution), focused on reform/changing the system, “Angel of Reform”- Beginnings of Progressivism: 1. Muckrakers: investigative journalist who exposes the dirty underbelly of a certain topic, (prostitution, tenements etc) authors such as Tarbell, Sinclair, Riis, Steffans, etc 2. The middle class response to “industrial chaos”: urge to find order, such information was eye-opening to middle class Americans- Progressive Characteristics: the common type of progressive 1. White (usually), middle/upper middle class, professional: such as doctors, lawyers, professors, etc2. Deeply committed Christians: believed good works helped as much as faith for salvation3. Women: vital part of Progressive Movement (couldn’t vote yet)- Four Major Agendas: 1. Political Reform: believed that Democracy was corrupted by wealth and power (ppl should vote not out of self interest but for the better good for all ppl) often went after to stop “political machines”, worked towards city council instead of mayor, highly against alcohol2. Scientific Efficiency: believed scientific experts could help run government correctly, fans of professionalism, believed in Civil Service Reform (having politicians and leader take a test to be placed in positions instead of from voting)3. Economic Reform: believed in regulation, thought government should control areas of industrialism (trusts), against monopolies and capitalism4. Social Justice: supported helping people who lacked power (non-whites, women, the poor, etc) helped them get rights (voting for women,- If Jesus Came to Chicago: book about how God would be ashamed of the industrialism and would say that ppl need to fix it)- WWJD: created by Charles Sheldon (classic social gospel Progressive from Kansas, believed in African American rights, opposed to alcohol, Christian Socialist, believed that socialism would be God’s favorite  people giving up their lives to help the less fortunate (settlement houses)- In His Steps: book questioning what Jesus would do in every situation of life (like being a progressive reformer) (man comes into church saying misfortune is the fall of him and dies)- Three Progressive Stories: 1. “Settlement House” Movement: Progressive reformers would move into poor areas of the cities and set up houses to help and teach the poor (often women), started in late 1890’s (400 houses set up by 1910) (leads to growth of feminism)- Education: home economic classes, taught English/to cook/child care/job training/basic college classes/etc - Negative Effect: teachers naturally wanted to remake the people they reformed into miniature versions of themselves (wanted to turn poor ppl into white middle class citizens), form of assimilation, anxieties about alcohol, etc- Jane Addams: led part of Women’s Movement2. Teddy Roosevelt: confident city boy, ivy-league schooling, passion for nature, imperialistic, president because of assassination, Republican (but uncharacteristic), suspicious of abusive monopolies (went after big businesses and trusts), supporter of some unions (mine workers), “Square Deal”, kicked out of Republican Party  Progressive Party, created national park services, Grand Canyon - Northern Securities Company (1902): broken up by Teddy3. Conservation: supporting Environmentalism, emerges from Progressive Era (not 1960’s), radical yet boring, horrible air quality and water quality from Industrialism - Progressives wanted trained environmentalists and scientists to help the land/forests/etc, believed in “wise use” of natureLecture 9 (February 18) I. America during the age of Imperialism- From Colony to Colonizer- Imperialism: an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.- Point of American colonies was to make Britain richII. Europe’s Imperial Heyday- 19th Century- The entire continent of Africa was controlled by Europe except for Ethiopia and Liberia until 1950s.- Europe has colonies all over the world…- By this time, Spanish empire has shrunk a little!III. America- Traditionally anti-imperialist, but…- Most Americans were anti-imperialists because we were a colony, we believe in popular sovereignty…- We became isolationists- We do not get involved in other people’s problems, we’re only an example! IV. Why American Imperialism?A. Profit- Internationalists “we need colonies like Britain” so we can make a lot of money & resources and sell to markets B. Power and Prestige- Imperialists emerge who believe in our economic power… We are a good, if not better than countries like Britain- Industrialism makes America the most powerful country on the planet.C. Cultural Ideasa. Social Darwinism: Only the fittest survive and prosper (AMERICA), the people at the bottom are only there because they deserve it.- William Graham Sumner’s argumentb. Race and Christianity: You can justify imperialism with Race?- White supremacy- Reformers… America taking over colonies / assimilation- Missionary workc. Spreading Democracy: we want to see people adopt our views, can it be forced on people?? d. Masculinity- Hoganson’s fighting for American Manhood: one of the consequences of industrialism was the crisis of manhood – the problem with industrialism with all of its wealth and abundance has made us weak! We have lost something along the way. What we need is a good war to toughen these men up.V. The Spanish-American War (1898): makes us an Imperial power- Spanish don’t really have much left, only Cuba and Philippines- We need to help these people because Spain is cruel & maybe we can gain colonies…A. Two key events a. De Lome Letter: sent from Cuba to Spain, but it is intercepted by Cuban Spy and it’s sent to US. Spanish officials are talking about America and saythat America and their president is a coward- The American reaction was over-the-top… They’ve insulted our honor,we can’t stand for this, and some people call for war. A week later, thisAmerica ship The Maine blows up.b. The Maine explosion- Sent to show off for a purpose- It blows up, boiler