HIST 2112 Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. The “Great American Melting Pot”II. Four immigration “waves”A. British and AfricansB. Northwestern European and IrishC. Southeastern European, Irish, ChineseD. Latin-Americans and AsiansIII. Why immigrate to American? And Where?IV. City LifeA. Cultural supportB. EmploymentC. Prejudice from native-born AmericansV. Living ConditionsA. Bad StufB. Good Stufa. “Machine” politicsVI. Fears of immigrants among native-born AmericansA. Catholic/Jewish FaithB. Threat to natives’ jobsC. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882D. “Radicalism” and Marxist/socialist politicsVII. Immigrants and Urban ReformA. Jacob Riis and How the Other Half LivesOutline of Current Lecture I. Working Conditions in U.S. Factories, c. late 19th CenturyA. SanitationB. Working HoursC. Work Stylea. TaylorismD. “Deskilling” of LaborE. WagesII. Unionization and StrikesA. 1866: National Labor UnionB. 1877: Great Railroad StrikeIII. Knights of Labor: 1870s – 1880sA. Radical GoalsB. The Eight Hour Movement, 1886C. Haymarket Square Riots (Summer 1886)IV. American Federation of Labor (1886) V. More Radical UnionsA. United Mine Workers of America – Ludlow Massacre 1914B. Industrial workers of the worldVI. Homestead Steel Strike 1892; Andrew Carnegie Fights BackCurrent Lecture: Industrialization and the Labor Movement****Industrialism is the most important thing going during this period. American democracy was a product of a rural America. This is a brand new world. What does democracy look like in the new industrial America? What is Freedom going to mean?***- Lots of women in the labor force…?- Foreman watching over everybody- Working conditions are pretty dodgy. Child labor laws, etc. Working conditions are not ideal as of our standards.I. Working Conditions in U.S. Factories, c. late 19th CenturyA. Sanitation- No safety gear, massive cleavers, guts go through a hole in the floor into the river- Rats, people who fall into sausage- 35,000 people a year will die working in factoriesB. Working Hours- LONG- No weekends. Only day off is Sunday.C. Work Style- Regimented, Repetitive, “On the Clock”b. Taylorism- scientific management system for labor - Frederick Taylor will show your employees how to move with the minimal number of movements in the shortest amount of time to do a job.- Turned people into extensions of their machinesD. “Deskilling” of Labor: Back in the day things got made the old way and you knew all about the product… Now, the only thing you have to do is push a button- Era of mass produced “crap.”E. Wages- LOW!!! Because there are a lot of people and not enough jobs… immigration- Coal Mines!! - Scrip: coupon redeemable only at a store owned by mining companyII. Unionization and Strikes- Workers Resist Industrial Conditions” ANTI-INDUSTRIALA. 1866: National Labor Union(NLU)- Small- Don’t really change anything- Like a get togetherB. 1877: Great Railroad Strike: Baltimore & Ohio Railroads workers go on strike because they woke up one day and were told your wages are being cut 20% rights now.- Big rallies- Transportation comes to a halt. - The government calls out the National Guard to beat up strikers and there were guns.- The army begins to run the trains using scab workers, eventually ends strikeIII. Knights of Labor: 1870s – 1880s: First Big Union- Run by Terrance B. Calvary - Will have 10% of entire work force- 15,000 locals… Pretty open in terms of their membership, except for Chinese people and the unproductive classes.A. Radical Goals: Increased Wages, Fewer Hours: Basic things, strikes to make them happenB. The Eight Hour Movement, 1886: SuccessfulC. Haymarket Square Riots (Summer 1886). Spells the end of knights- Big Rally in Chicago for the eight hour days… 80,000 people show up for this change- Workers get into a fight with the police and are killed- Have another rally against police oppression… A few hundred people show upand the police show up… A bomb is thrown at the police & they respond by aiming fire- Hung people…IV. American Federation of Labor (1886) – More respectable : Samuel GompersV. More Radical Unions- often repressed by authoritiesA. United Mine Workers of America – Ludlow Massacre 1914- West Virginia & Eastern KY, CO, MIB. Industrial workers of the world- very radical: socialists, communists, anarchists, etc.VI. Homestead Steel Strike 1892; Andrew Carnegie Fights