HIST 2112 Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. The “Fabulous” Fifties?A. The Civil Rights Movement: The “Second Reconstruction”II. Why the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?A. WWIIB. Cold WarC. Expectations in a consumer societyIII. The Legal Approach: early 1950sA. The NAACP and Brown vs. Board, 1954a. “Massive Resistance”1. George Wallace, Lester Maddox, “School choice,” “segregation academics,” etc.2. Civil Rights as “communism”B. Little Rock High School Desegregated, 1957IV. The “Civil Disobedience” Approach: 1955-1965A. Major Inspiration: murder of Emmett Till, 1955B. Montgomery bus Boycott: 1955a. Debut of MLK and the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceC. “Sit-Ins”: early 1960sD. Nonviolence” as official strategya. Birmingham Protests, 1963b. Freedom Rides, 1961E. Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964V. A Successful Legacy?A. Civil Rights Act of 1964B. Voting Rights Act of 1965C. Success on the ground… but “massive resistance” goes onOutline of Current Lecture I. The Early 1960sA. Looking aheadB. Two liberal iconsII. Camelot: The Kennedy Years, 1960-1963A. Kennedy as myth, legend, martyr…B. Kennedy and Liberal Anticommunisma. Berlin, 1961b. Cuba, 1960-19621. Late 1950s: Cuba Goes Communisti. Fidel Castro 2. CIA assassination attempts3. The Bay of Pigs invasion, 19614. Cuba Missile crisis, October 1962c. Kennedy’s Domestic Liberalism 1. Minimum Wage Bill2. Social Security Increase3. Housing Act of 19614. Education Funding5. Tax CutsIII. The Lyndon Johnson Years, 1964-1968A. Racea. Punishing Democrats to embrace Civil Rightsb. Civil Rights Act of 1964c. Voting Rights Act of 1965d. Executive Order 11246B. The “Great Society”a. A “New Deal” for the 1960sb. Major Programs1. Medicare/Medicaid2. The “War on Poverty”i. Head Startii. Upward Boundiii. Job Corpsiv. VISTAv. Community Action ProgramsIV. Mid-1960sCurrent Lecture: Post War Liberalism’s High Water Mark I. The Early 1960s- the “golden” years of postwar liberalism- Liberalism: the government can and should extend its power to create social and economic improvementA. Looking ahead to the end of Liberal ConsensusB. Two liberal icons: President John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson (JFK & LBJ)- LBJ is the most important…  Liberal’s Liberal!! New FDR? He wanted to be greater than FDR.II. Camelot: The Kennedy Years, 1960-1963A. Kennedy as myth, legend, martyr…- Youngest to hold office! - Kennedy administration = Camelot (charmed/mythical/mystical place)- Made into a hero when he was assassinated… some people really didn’t like him, but you forget that. B. Kennedy and Liberal Anticommunism- During the Cold War & Anticommunism (Bipartisan) is his agenda?- Anticommunism is very much a part of liberalism- Marshall Plan- classic example of this… a. Berlin, 1961o Berlin Wall going to separate communist Berlin with non-communist Berlino West Berlin: Free sideo East Berlin: Soviet Side… barbed wire, snipers, like a prison to keeppeople ino Stalin’s Daughter defected and went to W. Berlinb. Cuba, 1960-19621. Late 1950s: Cuba Goes Communisto Cuban elite supported by US government: sugar cane, etc…o Was like our colony until the 1930s under the Platt Amendmento 1959 revolution overthrowing the American friendly government with Fidel Castro and the current régime o 90 miles from FL D:i. Fidel Castro: 1976-2008o If you were anti-Castro, you left, fast.o People from Cuba in Miami HATE Castro o We decide to kill him?2. CIA assassination attemptso Poison his cigar, booby trap a shell at the bottom of the reef he snorkeled on, spray acid over a radio station to make him go crazy on the air to put him people againsthim, if you kidnapped him & shaved his head/beard = he would be less manly?o All of them fail3. The Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961o Plan: Recruit Anti-Castro people, train them in all unconventional warfare techniques and land them as troops in South West Cuba.o People feel the same there & will join us… we will be greeted as liberators… doesn’t happen like thato They barely make it off the beach and are captured and Kennedy pulls air support for this invasiono Kennedy looks stupid. o Castro becomes more involved with the Soviet Union to help Cuba from fraternizing with Americao Soviet Union got to put missiles on Cuban soil as a deterrent for America, they were super happy o Containment says you have to do something about this…4. Cuba Missile crisis, October 1962o More ships/troops coming from Soviet Union to Cuba o Kennedy orders US Navy to blockade Cuba, anyone who tries to break this blockade will be shot down.o US weather plane goes off course and gets shot down by Cuban aircraft battery accidentally o Soviet Sub was underneath the US Blockade and a US destroyer thought they were being attacked, dropped death charges (missiles), they miss…Soviets’ take this as an attack… Nobody apparently knows what is going on. Two Soviets commanders say fire the missiles, one said no, something isn’t right, let’s wait. SO FREAKING CLOSE TO NUCLEAR WAR.o Soviet ships stop and negotiations begin: Soviet Union removes all troops and missiles from Cuba… America removes missiles in Turkey and announce to the world and promise we will never invade Cubac. Kennedy’s Domestic Liberalism 1. Minimum Wage Bill: minimum wage rose to $1.25 hr. Applied to 4.3 million people who didn’t have it before.2. Social Security Increase: Fails.3. Housing Act of 1961: Success. Gets ~$5billion for mass transit, mortgages, green space… expansion of housing4. Education Funding: Fail. $2.3billion increase for public schools, shot down5. Tax Cuts: Successful? III. The Lyndon Johnson Years, 1964-1968 ICON… from Texas- Grew up poor and in an area of diversity- FDR was his hero- 1964: South… Mostly solidly democratA. Racea. Punishing Democrats to embrace Civil Rightso Civil Rights Movement during this time… Uses his power to help secure the passage of the civil rights actb. Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlaws segregationc. Voting Rights Act of 1965: Makes sure the amendments were being enforcedd. Executive Order 11246B. The “Great Society”: **DOCUMENT** o 1960s: capitalism doing wello We still have really poor people & it’s 1965, it’s a shame that our prosperity is not for all… this is my mission: To bring prosperity to all… We have a good society, we want a Great Societya. A “New Deal” for the 1960sb. 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