HIST 2112Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7, Key Terms, & Documents 14.1-18.10Lecture 1 (January 9)Punishing or Pampering the South?: Presidential and Radical ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction:“The Gentle Approach”Abraham Lincoln:- The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction rewrote state constitutions (outlawed slavery, renounced secession) and had 10% of voters sign a loyalty oath to the U.S.- His view of reconstruction = easy and lenientAndrew Johnson- Because VP and then President because southerners from the mountains supported the union, not rich plantation owners- Kept “gentle approach” and added that rich southerners have to go to D.C. to pardon for citizenshipRadical Reconstruction: “The Get Tough Approach” Example: Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens- Passed 13th, 14th, & 15th amendments- Freedman’s Bureau- dedicated to the well-being of free slaves- Tenure of Office ActWhite South Regains Power:Black codes, KKKFinal Act: The Compromise of 1877 = Tilden vs. Hayes  backroom bargaining  Hayes wins and whites get to do whatever they want with slaves.Lecture 2 (January 14)Emancipation and the African-American “Freedman’s” ExperienceSlavery= “Keystone” of southern culturePoor whites are still better than slavesHow to re-create the slave system without slavery?***SHARECROPPING!! Advantages: getting paid, work without supervisionDis-Advantages: DEBT  basically slaves againFree slaves want to find their families, get an education, establish churches, and join in on politicsLecture 3 (January 16)The Legacy of Conquest- “Settling” the “Wild West”Why head west?Inner-mountains = most ethnically diverse placeCheap land and The Homestead Act of 1862 where you can get 160 acres for $2.50Business Opportunities – corporate west with railroads, cattle operations, mercantilism“Manifest Destiny” – it’s your fate to go west.NATIVE AMERICANS: People kill them: Sandcreek & Fetterman Massacre, Little Big HornPeople try to make them “Civilized” – reservations, educationGHOST DANCE: is this a plot of rebellion?  Wounded Knee Massacre by CalvaryLecture 4 (January 21)Industrialism and the Rise of Big BusinessRailroads make time zonesIndustrialism = most important thing since reconstruction and most people hate itAmerican Business before 1870 was mostly ruralAndrew Carnegie: everything was in the right place at the right timeIntegration of production, monopolizations, trusts, “price fixing”Pro-industrial government and laws“Social Darwinism” Carnegie’s Social Conscience?Lecture 5 (January 23)Immigration and the Huddling MassesAre we a “melting pot?”Four immigration waves: a. British and African American Slavesb. NW Europeans and Irishc. SE Europeans, Irish, & Chinese**d. Latin-Americans and AsiansCity-Life = 700% increase of populationGood for cultural support and employment… Americans are worried and become prejudiceLiving Conditions= BAD!!! – Tenements and gangsAmericans Fear Catholics, Lack of Jobs, Chinese, and Radicalism*JACOB RIISLecture 6 (January 28)Industrialism and The Labor MovementWorking Conditions: Sanitation is bad, hours are long, work style is regimented (TAYLORISM), wages are low, people become “deskilled”Unionization and StrikesNational Labor UnionGreat Railroad Strike: Army hires scabs to run railroadsKnights of Labor: 1st Big Union – Eight Hour MovementHaymarket Square Riots = End of Knights- American Federation of Labor = more Respectable United Mine Workers  Ludlow massacreIndustrial workers of America are radicalLecture 7 (January 30)Silver & Gold: Populist Revolt against IndustrialismAmerica = “Agrarian” = FarmersThreats to Farmers: Financial Trouble, monopolies, status anxietyUNIONIZE!! – Patrons of Husbandry (GRANGERS) and National Farmers’ Alliance (linked to Knights of Labor)Populist Convention: public ownership of railroads, direct election of governors, graduated income tax, no protective tariffs for industry, sub treasury system, free coinage of silverPopulist Party  Democrats & populist fuse together… Doesn’t work so good.IMPORTANT KEY TERMS:Chapter 14:1.Freedman’s Bureau: Federal agency that provides ex-slaves with economic and legal resources2.Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: outlined Lincoln’s approach to reconstruction which readmitted the south to the union on lenient terms3.Thirteenth Amendment: abolished slavery4.Black Codes: radical laws that were intended to reduce free African Americans to a condition as close to slavery as possible5.Fourteenth Amendment: gave citizenship to African Americans6.Tenure of Office Act: Laws passed to prevent Andrew Johnson from removing cabinet members without the senate approving… Johnson was impeached, but not convicted, for violating this act7.Fifteenth Amendment: gave ALL men a right to vote8.American Equal Rights Association: group of black and whites who formed to promote gender and racial equality 9.National Women’s Suffrage Association: Group formed to promote women’s voting rights10. American Women’s Suffrage Association: Group formed to ratify the fifteenth amendment11. Scalawags: white southerners who support reconstruction12. Carpetbaggers: White northerners who moved to the south after the civil war13. Sharecropping: A system that emerged as the dominant mode of agricultural productionin the south in the years after the civil war where sharecroppers received tools and supplied from landowners in exchange for a share of the harvest.14. Exodusters: Blacks who migrated from the South to Kansas seeking land and a better way of life15. Redeemers: White, conservative Democrats who challenged and overthrew republican rule in the south during reconstruction16. Knight of the Ku Klux Klan: used threats and violence to intimidate blacks and white republicans17. Liberal Republicans: Political group organized to challenge the reelection of President Grant who called for an end to federal efforts at reconstruction in the south18. Joint Electoral Commission: Commission formed to resolve the disputed presidential election of 187619. Compromise of 1877: Compromise between Republicans and Southern Democrats that resulted in the election of Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for an end to reconstruction.Chapter 151.Transcontinental Railroad: A railroad linking the East and West Coasts of North America2.Battle of the Little Big Horn: 1876 Battle in the Montana Territory in which Lieutenant