Study Guide Test 3 FINAL Chapters 11 12 13 13 Parenting changes as managers In middle childhood the amount of time parents spend with their children declines dramatically With children s growth and independence the parents now have new issues to deal with Child rearing is much easier for parents who established an authoritative style during early years When parents communicate openly with children and engage in joint decision making children are more likely to listen to their parents perspectives in situations where compliance is vital 13 Co regulation induction As children demonstrate that they can manage daily activities and responsibilities effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child They don t let go entirely but rather engage in co regulation a form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making This grows out of a warm cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give and take and mutual respect Parents must guide and monitor from a distance and effectively communicate the expectations they want from their children This both supports and protects children 13 Self descriptions Based on the child s self understanding In middle childhood children become able to describe themselves in terms of psychological traits compare their own characteristics with those of peers and to understand their strengths and weaknesses 13 Self concept self esteem how to improve Self Concept During middle school years children refine their self concept organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions This change takes place between 8 and 11 years of age Ex I am Amanda I am human being I am a girl I am a truthful person I m not pretty I do so so in school I am a very good cellist I am a very good pianist I m a little bit tall for my age I like several boys I like several girls I m always ready to be a good friend I don t know if boys like me or not These self evaluate self descriptions result from school age children s frequent social comparisons judgments of their appearance abilities and behavior in relation of those to others Ex Joey observed he was better at spelling than his fellow classmate Mark but not as good as Mark at social studies Self Esteem Most preschoolers have extremely high self esteem but as children enter school and receive much more feedback on how well they perform compared with their peers self esteem differentiates and also adjusts to a more realistic level How children evaluate their self esteem Hierarchically Structured self Esteem 1 Academic Competence language arts math other school subjects 2 Social Competence Relationship with peers Relationship with parents 3 Physical Athletic Competence outdoor games various sports 4 Physical Appearance To protect the child s self worth as their self esteem declines in elementary years they balance both social comparisons with personal achievement goals Effects on Self Esteem sex SES ethnic groups culture how the child was raised Examples Children in Asian classrooms have extremely high competition young girls having lower self esteem because of unrealistic physical appearance goals shown to them at a young age controlling authoritarian parents have children with lower self esteem 1 Mastery oriented attributions children credit their successes to ability a characteristic they can improve by trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenged 2 Learned helplessness children who attribute their failures not their successes to ability When they succeed they are likely to conclude it was from external factors such as luck was responsible 13 Erickson According to Erickson 1950 children whose previous experiences have been positive enter middle childhood prepared to redirect their energies from make believe of early childhood into realistic accomplishment Erikson believed that the combination of adult expectations and children s drive toward mastery sets the stage for psychological conflict of middle childhood Industry vs inferiority which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks 12 Piaget advances of thought seriation The Concrete Operational Stage which extends from about 7 to 11 years influences how thought is now more logical flexible and organized than it was in early childhood 1 Conservation This provides clear evidence of operations mental actions that obey logical rules Also demonstrated through this is reversibility the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction returning to the starting point 2 Classification Indicates the children are more aware of classification hierarchy and can focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at the same time 3 Seriation the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or weight Example Having children arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest Concrete operational child can also seriate mentally an ability called transitive inference Example How children observe that stick A is longer than stick B and stick B is longer than stick C then stick A must be longer than stick C 4 Spatial Reasoning School age children s understanding of space is more accurate than preschoolers Children s cognitive maps their mental representations of familiar large scale spaces such as their neighborhood or school Example Children being able to draw a map of an area knowing that the entire space can t be seen at once Children create a layout with separate parts and can identify landmarks 13 Gender stereotyping real differences between males and females By age 5 gender stereotyping of activities and occupations is well established Children associate different personality traits as being masculine or feminine gentle affectionate dependent as feminine and tough aggressive and dominant as masculine In achievement areas in school children also determine that certain subjects seem to me masculine or feminine as well reading spelling and art is for girls and math athletics and mechanical skills is for boys These influence a child s preference and sense of competence as certain subjects But as children develop the capacity to integrate social cues children realize that a person s sex is not a certain predictor of his or her personality traits activities and behaviors By the end of a child s
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