CHD 2220 Summer 2011 Study Guide for Exam 2- Growth during the first yearo One year brains 70% of adult weight, rest of the body is only 10-20%o Tripled in weight (exceed 25)- Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principleso Cephalocaudal principle Growth occurs from top down- The head becomes more proportionate as the child grows in height and the lower parts of the body developo Proximodistal principle Growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward- In the womb head and trunk develop before arms and legs, then fingers and toes- First use upper arms and upper legs, then forearms and forelegs then hands and feet- Patterns of growtho Weight 12 month-old body: 23 lbs (birth weight x3) Gaining 5 ½ lbs by second birthday and 3 more lbs by his third 3 year old boy: 34 lbs Girls slightly smallero Height Boys grow 10 inches during first year 5 inches 2nd birthday and 2 ½ inches during the third 3 year old boy: 3 feet tall Girls half an inch shorter at age 3o Teething 3-4 months- Nutrition during the first yearo Breast-feeding Give only breast milk for first 6 months Breast-feed for at least one year Benefits- Baby- Mother Alternatives- Iron-fortified formula based on cow’s milk or soy proteino New foods Iron-enriched solid foods between 6-12 months also fruit juice is acceptable- Brain growth up to age 6o CNS =Brain and spinal cord Brain grows in spurts- Reaches 90% of adult weight by age 3- Age 6: almost adult weight But some parts continue growing into adulthood- Parts of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, corpus callosum)o Brain stem A lot of involuntary things such as breathing, heart rate, temperature, and sleep-wake cycle o Cerebellum Balance and motor hemisphereso Cerebrum Largest part of the brain; left and right hemispheres joined by corpus callosumo Cerebral hemispheres each have four lobes Occipital lobe- Visual information Parietal lobe- Touch sensations, spatial information, eye-hand coordination Temporal lobe- Hearing and language Frontal lobe- Speech, reasoning (higher-level functions)o Cerebral cortex Outer surface of the cerebrum, made of gray matter, governs vision, hearing and other sensory information grow rapidly in the first few months after birth and are mature by 6 months, except frontal it still has much more growth past adolescence- Two types of brain cells and their functionso Neurons: nerve cells Axons- Send signals to other neurons Dendrites- Receive messages Synapses- Gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters- Chemicals released by neuronso Neurons undergo Integration - Neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities Differentiation- Each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function Cell death- Normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioningo Glial cells Protect neuronso Myelination Allows faster communication between cells- Types of early reflexeso Primitive Present at birth or soon afterwards- i.e. sucking, rooting for the nipple, the moro reflexo Postural Seen after 2-4 months, reaction to change in position or balance- Infants who are tilted downward extend their arms in the parachute reflex, breaking a fallo Locomotor Look like voluntary movements- i.e. walking, swimmingo Disappearance of some early reflexes during first 6 months is a sign of neurological development- Senses at birth (e.g., taste preferences)o Touch First sense to develop Develops in the wombo Hearing Develops in the womb Important in language developmento Smell and tastes Develop in the womb Preference for pleasant odors and sweet tastes Role for breast milko Sight Least developed at birth Underdeveloped structures Binocular vision at 4-5 months- Average ages infants begin to walk and say their first wordo Self-locomotion 6-10 months Get around by themselves by creeping or crawlingo Social referencing Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of ito Cruising “walking” while holding onto furnitureo About 12 months Walking o 10-14 months First word- Infant mortality (main causes)o Infant mortality rate Proportion of babies who die within the first year Birth defects are the leading cause, then disorders related to prematurity or LBWo Racial/ethnic disparitieso Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Crib death, unexplained Possible causes Babies should sleep on their backso Unintentional injuries Falls, ingesting harmful substances, burns- Types of motor skillso Gross motor skills Using large muscleso Fine motor skills Using small muscles, eye-hand coordination- Approaches to studying cognitive developmento Behavioral Basic mechanics of learningo Psychometric Measuring intelligenceo Piagetian Qualitative stages in cognitive functioningo Information-processing Processes involved in perceiving and handling informationo Cognitive neuroscience Linking brain and cognitiveo Social-contextual Environmental influences- Piaget’s sensorimotor stage (6 substages)o Sensorimotor stage 1st substage- Use of reflexeso Birth to one montho Some control over reflexes Don’t need cheek just start sucking without stimulation 2nd substage- Primary circular reactionso 1-4 monthso Circular reactions Learning to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance- Sucking from a bottleo Primary circular reactions Repeat pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance- Sucking thumb, chewing toys- Change in sucking schemeo Coordinate different kinds of sensory information Hear something, turn around to look at it 3rd substage- Sensory circular reactiono 4-8 monthso Interest in environmento Repeat intentional acts to get results beyond the infants body Shacking a rattle over and over again, pushing their toys 4th substage- Coordination of secondary schemeso 8-12 monthso Using previously learned behaviors to attain goalso More deliberate behavior Have toy, anticipate certain things, press green button because theyknow what sound it makes Based on past experiences Begin to crawl around this timeget things themselves 5th substage- Tertiary circular reactionso 12-18 monthso Curiosity and experimentation If I turn a toy this way what will happen, if I burry this what will happen Not repeating, they are
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