CHD 2220 Child Development Krantz Test 1 Chapter 1 The Concept of Development Development is Gradual Development is Cumulative Developmentalists researchers and practitioners who study the development process Development the gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related changes in biological and psychological systems through transaction with environment To facilitate your children s development you must be both persistent and consistent in your efforts to bring about change over extended periods of time Every change is a potentially important advance in some skill or ability Developmental change is relatively permanent Development change is typically irreversible under most circumstances developmental change does not go backwards Regression serious reversal in development Regressive behavior is unlikely to self correct and may require specialized interventions Development is transactional Children influence their environment as much as their environment influences them Simple cause and effect explanations do not capture the complexity of children s interactions with people around them The sequence of transactions between your child and his or her physical environments form a unique pathway through development Development takes place in an ecosystem Ecology the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments Has four levels o Microsystem children interact with family peers and services such as day care and school The family system is typically the dominant force in the microsystem o Mesosystem relationships between the family and the day care center is an example It describes relationships among elements of the microsystem o Exosystem identifies social supports available to the family in the community Examples would be political government education and religious systems o Macrosystem deals with cultural context of development societal values reflected in social policies toward children and is formulated by politicians Development at Risk Risk threatens to undermine development and sacrifice the child s potential Opportunity supports development and promotes the realization of that portential Childhood experiences involve both risk and opportunity Economically advantaged families does not ensure children s optimal physical and psychological development o Some parents simply do too much for their children Super child parent often have unrealistic expectations for their children s progress that doom their children Advantaged children are at risk for less than optimal development Less advantaged children face risks that dramatically reduce their potential for development from the moment of conception o Receive inadequate stimulation during the first years of their lives slowing cognitive development and reducing their ability to learn Resilience the tendency to overcome risk Vulnerability the tendency to fall prey to risk Facilitating Development Parents and practitioners must learn to identify and deal proactively with the risks and opportunities inherent in their children s daily activities Knowing development is gradual suggests that we must take our time and be patient Knowing development is cumulative and irreversible suggests that every experience is important Chapter 3 Introduction Prenatal stage of development The period that begins with conception and ends with the birth of the newborn infant o Last on average 266 days Opportunity is afforded when a genetically healthy couple who have mutual affection decide to conceive a child and have sexual intercourse at the precise moment that a viable egg has been ovulated Risk will begin as the egg and sperm move slowly toward each other in the mother s fallopian tube and will build rapidly as the developing baby is exposed to potentially harmful agents that hamper and distort development of the embryo and fetus Vulnerability may derive from genetic factors within the developing fetus that can interfere with the normal process of development and defy intervention Resilience is a factor that makes it possible to overcome many or all of the risk factors Conception Hindus believed three things were necessary to have a baby o The father contributed white semen to form the child s bone o Mother proved red semen to produce the skin hair and the iris of the eyes o The rest was left to God to provide expression of the face and child s sight hearing speech and movements Hippocrates o Accepted the male and female semen theory o Speculated that the menstrual blood formed the flesh of a new baby Considered advanced thinking Homunculus Theory 1600 o Scientists who viewed sperm under the newly invented microscope believed they could make out a miniature man within the head of the sperm o Women were just the incubators for these beings Dr Martin Barrie 1843 conclude that sperm and egg unite to form a fetus Female Reproduction o Menstrual Cycle The timing of hormonal secretions and the processes they regulate from vagina Typical 28 day cycle but varies Begins with onset of menstrual period Menses 4 5 days of bleeding Toward the end hormonal secretion from the pituitary gland stimulates growth of several immature eggs in one of the two ovaries Progesterone hormone sent out by the ovaries that stimulates the endometrium to prepare for the arrival of the fertilized egg Endometrium the lining of the uterus Ovulation when the egg breaks through the ovary wall approximately 14 days after the first day of the cycle Fallopian tubes transport fertilized egg toward the uterus by hair like appendages on lining Fertilization the penetration of the egg by sperm that takes place in fallopian tube Implantation fertilized egg zygote lodges itself in the wall of the uterus If fertilization does not take place the endometrial tissue and blood is eliminated from the system Ovarian reserve remaining viable eggs as a woman ages Reliable indicator of fertility Menopause the end of the menstrual cycle that begins in a woman s 50s Male Reproduction scrotum Testes two oval shaped glands that produce sperm about two inches long suspend in the Scrotum sac that contains the testicles outside of the body cavity just below the penis On ejaculation of semen contains 200 400 million sperm cells normally Takes 30 minutes for sperm to reach the egg Surviving sperm begin to chemically eat away the protective coating of the egg to allow penetration When a sperm cell finally penetrates the egg a chemical reaction on the surface of
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