TEST 3: Chapters 9, 10, 12, 13Not responsible for the last sections of chapter 9 (early childhood education)- Cognitive Developmento Piaget Sensorimotor stage- Developing schemas to solve physical problemso Mental plans to solve problems- Children solve problems impulsively (don’t premeditate) By age 2, children begin to start thinking about problems- Symbolic reasoningo Children construct images in the mind that construct objects and actions in the real worldo Takes years to be efficient Preoperational stage (4-5 years long)- Some children think before they act by preschoolo Reflective approach- Impulsive people make a lot of errors and mistakes- Children’s first symbols are mental images (not words)- Centrationo A constraint on children’s perspectiveo Children focus on details and don’t see the big picture Affects visual, auditory, and haptic (touch)perceptionso Children clump together their snapshots and that becomes their concept of the situation Syncretism- Creates a pre-concept that doesn’t really make senseo The beginning of a symbolicrepresentation of the situation- Transductive reasoningo When a child has a pre-concept and thinks with ito Lacks (adult) logic Has a form of logic based on the child’s understanding- Limitations on preschoolers’ ability to logically learn about their worldo Egocentricity Inability to take someone else’s perspectiveo Irreversibility Can think their way forward, but not their way back Taking things apart, but can’t put them back togethero Failure to conserve Can’t conserve mass of a substanceo Failure to distinguish between appearance and reality Putting on a mask Approach to research- Sit down with children and start talking to them and see where it went from there- Not carefully controlledo American psychologists Brought Piaget’s work into a laboratory to study interactions under controlled circumstanceso Information processing theory A computer processes information- Input systems, short-term memory, long-term storage, analytics or applications to analyze systems, and output systems- The mind has the same functionso Studying children Perceptions are random at first- Later become more logical and sophisticated Children actively seek information- Unlike computers, who wait passively for information- Now computers are becoming more active in seeking informationo Memory systems Short-term memory- Ability to remember things for 20 or 30 seconds- If nothing is done with the information, it will be forgotten- If the information is important, then it can be put in long-term memory Pre-schoolers- Pick up a lot of random information- Don’t select important information well- A lot of information comes into short-term memory but very little goes to long-term memory- Very event-orientedo If something happens that is meaningful and important to them, it helps organize their memory and put information into long-term storage- Not good at remembering daily activities (not an important event)- Fail to use strategies that help them store informationo Rehearsal of information, visualization, etc.o Elaboration Making remembering fun (putting numbers to music, making images)o Chunking Grouping pieces of information (phone numbers)o Organization Organizing information into relevant groups (animals, vehicles) Recall- The ability to spontaneously remember information fromlong-term memory- Fill-in the blank or essay tests Recognition- The ability to remember information from long-term memory with visual or auditory cues- Multiple choice tests Learning disability- Failure for a person to perform at the same level as theirpeers- Social and emotional developmento Mildred Parton Observing kids in a free-play environment Categories of children- Unoccupiedo Not doing anything- Onlookerso Watching others play- Parallel playo Playing next to someone else but not interacting with them- Associative playo Some interaction (sharing), but not cooperating- Cooperative playo Taking on roles and differentiating roles, working together, themes of play, dramatic playo Is there social engagement in babies around 10 months old? Yes Babies will crawl to other babies and smile or make sounds Some babies were more popular than other babieso There’s a lot of individual variation in how social kids are By 2 years old, kids are very socialo Social preference Appears around 2 years old Have favorite likes and dislikes for other kids Not very stable at first (can change daily) By 2.5-3 years old- Likes and dislikes become more predictable and stable- Likes and dislikes begin to organize behavioro Studying social relationships Sociometric test- Measuring social behavior- Take a group of kids and take pictures of them individually (same facial expression)- Test kids separately by gendero Gender segregation in play begins very early- Interview the kids one at a timeo Point to the kid you like to play with the mosto Point to the kid you like to play with second mosto Point to the kid you like to play with third mosto Point to the kid you don’t like to play with the mosto Point to the kid you don’t like to play with second mosto Point to the kid you don’t like to play with third most- Add up all the points each child getso Positive votes and negative votes- Correlate number of votes (positive or negative) with other behaviorso Prosocial behavior Sharing People who share are generally more popular among peerso Aggression Take teachers away and watch what happens People who are aggressive are generally less popular among peers- Social status categorieso Kids can move from category to category Becomes more unlikely as age increases Early intervention can be helpful- Increasing social skillso Popular kids Lots of positive votes and no negative voteso Rejected kids No positive votes and lots of negative votes Disabled kids are very likely to be rejectedo Neglected kids No positive votes and no negative votes 2 kinds of neglected kids- One group hates not being in the social networko Don’t have many social skillso Want some form of interactiono Hates the world they live ino Suicidal ideation (in very young children too)o Negative outcome in the future Stayed neglected or became rejects- One group is made up of lonerso Have social skills but would rather be by themselveso Fine with working when others when required too Pretty
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