Newborn Averages Cephalocaudal Principle Proximodistal Principle 7 5 lbs 20 in Height grows 30 inches the 1st year and 5 6 inches the 2nd year Weight 5 to 6 pounds in 2nd year and 4 to 5 pounds in the 3rd year Babies grow in spurts than in progression The next two years the infant will grow more than he will ever grow even in adolescence Growth in head and upper body precede growth in lower body 8 weeks after conception head is half the fetus length At birth the head is 25 of body weight Adulthood head is 12 and legs account for 50 Cephalocaudal development describes the general growth pattern of organisms to develop areas near the main neural area typically the head earlier than areas of the body that are more distant This can be seen in human fetuses where the head is the first body part formed Once the body is formed the hands develop before feet Cephalo is used to describe things related to the head and brain while the term caudal is used to describe the body So cephalocaudal development can mean head body development in which the head develops first The dorsal grows prior to arms and legs and arms and legs develop prior to fingers Puberty is the opposite Body grows from center outward Collective set of precautions Light sockets must be covered by protective caps stairs and drop offs blocked by secure gates and dangerous objects e g knives and tools and substances e g bleach and insecticides securely stored Proximodistal development describes the general tendency for the development of motor skills to start at the center of an organism and radiate outwards from there The middle is the first to develop and movement extends outwards from there Infants will first learn to move their torso and then their arms and legs Once the motor skills for their limbs are developed then finger manipulation and other fine tuned movements will develop Benefits of Breastfeeding for Infant 3 4 months all the vitamins needed by the infant is used in breast milk and formula Early developing of infant s brain and cognitive ability Child proofing Adjustment and progressive for child care to be safe Promotes early brain development Positive effects on long term cognitive intellectual development Immunological protection Lower obesity rates During 18months of life breast feeding are less hospitalized Colostrum Neuron Synapse Neurotransmitters Myelinations Thin yellowish fluid secreted by breasts before milk is produced Contains anti bodies that can not be duplicated Babies brain begins to take form after conception after prenatal stage Benefits of Breastfeeding for Mothers Return more quickly to their pre pregnancy weight Lower rates of breast and ovarian cancer Cell body dendrite axon Conduct electrochemical impulses Neurons transmit impulses from dendrites from all the body Nerve cells grow extremely rapid during the early prenatal stage o Adding 250K nerve cells a minute o Adding 1 billion nerve cells in the new born Nerve cells stop producing before birth Individual neurons are complex biological that are conducted electrochemical impulses A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next Nerve cells do not actually touch each other bumps against a dendrite forming a microscopic gap Impulses are transmitted accorss the synapse from Cell to Cell Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons Neural transmission information being sent from neuron to neuron works at both the electrical and chemical levels When the space between two neurons is small enough the electrical signal can simply jump the gap and continue on its way However when the gap is too large the signal must be converted from electricity to chemicals These chemicals are neurotransmitters which can be defined as chemicals released by neurons which carry information from one neuron to another These chemicals are then read or received by a neuron s synapses Axons develop insulating fatty coating that improves the efficiency of nerve impulse transmission Formation of synapses Begins early in pre natal stage and continues to age 3 28 weeks of gestation axons develop insulting a fatty coat Plasticity Synaptogenesis Hemispherectomy Ability of human brain to reprogram itself after injury If one part of the brain becomes damaged other parts are able to take over Structure of neuron Systems is designed to manage the storage and transfer info to support functions like sensation perception intelligences and learning Prenatal stage architecture of brain is grown o Late in gestation nerve cells begin to fire sending impulses to various pathways organizing brain function In psychology when we talk about plasticity we re referring to brain plasticity which refers to the ability for nerve cells to change through new experiences The process of changing nerve cells is learning and it was once believed that the only kind of change that could take place after childhood was related to strength in nerve cell connection not the ability for the cells to actually change Most psychologists now believe that nerve cells actually can continue to change and function well into adulthood What does this mean for you Well it seems that the old saying is wrong you really can teach an old dog new tricks Synapse begin to developing in large numbers the first 3 years 3rd year if life is the highest density a single neuron may form 15k with adjoining nerve cells in developing the brain contains approx 1 trillion synapse in the nervous system 50 more in brain of adults Removal of half of brain Is the treatment of extreme seizures o Capturing the persistent of caregivers therapist and educators Use It or Lose It Principle Nerve pathways that are used repeatedly survive those that don t begin to disappear Results in leveling off of synapses from age 2 to 10 Pathways that get used repeatedly survive those that get unused and disappear Repetition od certain pathways that ensure the survival of neurons and synapse The greater the variation and organization of incoming stimuli the greater the number of pathways that survive Early experiences trigger and influence every aspect of infant s brain develop o Proliferation in neurons from synapse and migration of neurons Synapses and cells that are not stimulated are eliminated Pruning occurs mostly during adolescences resulting in an adult brain that only 50 of the synapse that were in a brain of a 3 year old Pruning away of unused cells synapse to considerate the adaptive capabilities Children
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