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- New born babieso No immune system until about 5 or 6 months old Need very hygienic environmentso They sleep a lot About 17 hours a day (short spurts) Sleep through the night at about 6 weeks t a yearo Babies double their weight in about 5 months- Transition to parenthoodo Mothers spend 2 days in the hospital after birtho Moms used to spend a week in the hospitalo The bonding hypothesis First 3 or 4 days are important Need immediate physical contact Not really confirmedo 2 days in the hospital Extremely exhausted Begin breastfeeding immediately People in and out, very busyo Decrease in marital satisfaction rom middle of pregnancy to about 6 months after birtho Men commit themselves to do more with babies By 6 months, months are doing almost all of the childcareo Where the baby sleeps Separate rooms Same room with crib Cosleeping- Dangerous according to pediatricianso Suffocation- Higher rate of SIDSo Feeding the baby Breastfeeding or bottle feeding Breast milk is perfectly formulate for babies Not all women can breastfeed- Inconvenience, don’t want do, don’t produce sufficient milk- Binocular visiono Baby’s eyes aren’t in sync yeto Can look in different directions- Newborn babieso What do babies experience when people interact with them?o Some babies are responsive and some are unresponsive- Development of the braino The brain needs stimulation in order to grow The quality of the stimulation matterso Has a physiological structure for learning and adapting to the world- Auditory systemo Babies react to sounds around 7 or 8 months in the wombo Babies hear things in the wombo The cat in the hat study 2 groups of mothers One group read the cat in the hat to the fetus and the other group didn’t The story was read to all the babies when they were born The babies in the experimental group had more reaction to the story than the other babieso Prosody The sequence of sounds (melody) in wordso Playing music to the fetus Not necessarily a good idea May damage hearing with high levels of soundo Parents fighting increases cortisol in mothers and babies High cortisol predicts stress reactions in 7 or 8 month old babieso Localization of sound In some babies when they’re first born- Visual systemo The visual system comes on slowlyo Doesn’t focus on the features of the face Focuses more on the peripheryo Neurons in they eyes especially the ones connected to the retina and the fovea don’t function efficientlyo The lens of the eye and the muscles connected to it (cilliary muscles) are immatureo The eye focuses randomlyo Acuity Ability of the eye to detect detail Improves very rapidly Babies are estimated to have vision of 20/600 feet- What a baby can see at 20 feet is what a normal person can see at 600 feet 20/120 at about 6 weeks and 20/40 at about 2 monthso Slow and steady increase of visual acuity correlates with the improved muscleso Babies fixate on objects to learn about them Babies can tell objects are separate by color, movement, separation, and occlusion (blocking another object)o Babies develop the ability to make smooth eye movements at about 2 months Well-developed by about 4 monthso An adult-like pattern of eye tracking improves gradually after about 6 monthso Depth perception Develops around 6 months 3 types of clues the brain needs- Cues about binocular fixationo You get slightly different images of objects from the two eyes- Kinetic cueso When turning your head, objects closer to the eyemove across the retina faster- Pictorial cueso Occlusion Needed before babies crawl- Visual cliff experiment- The human brain is explorative and always looking to improve itself- Explorative toucho Babies use their hands to learn about objectso Passive grasp Reflexive grasp when palm is strokedo Pincer grasp Use of the thumb and forefinger to pick up tiny things- The perceptual systems are a gateway into the brain- Brain developmento Proliferation of nerve cellso Nerve cells need to migrate to their correct location Alcohol and drug consumption during pregnancy affect migration pathso Differentiation of cellso Babies have about 100 billion nerve cells when borno Synaptogenesis The process by which synapses are formed Axons can create multiple synapses About 1,000 trillion synapses are created by the baby is born- Way more than necessary Synapses increase early in life, level off around age 10, and then decline after that The brain has evolved to where it can sustain injuries causing the deterioration of nerves and still get by- Plasticityo The brain’s ability to reprogram itself after injury- That’s why we’re born with more nerve cells than necessary Plasticity is greater and better at younger ages- Injuries sustained at younger ages are more likely to be compensated for Apoptosis (pruning)- Programmed cell suicide- Up to age 10, apoptosis and synapse proliferation are equalo Apoptosis wins out after age 10 Use it or lose it- Neurons that fire together, wire togethero Helps resist apoptosiso Quantity and quality of stimulation are important Too little stimulation retards brain development Too much stimulation creates chaos and can lead to cognitive deficits Diversity is importanto Mediates emotions Amygdala- Center for emotion Babies only feel basic emotions- Distress and calmness Regulator of emotions Some babies can begin to regulate their emotions- Self-quieting Mom’s emotions affect baby’s emotions- Baby feels mother’s emotions in the womb- Anxiety, stress, depression- We don’t know how the brain processes stimuli at the neurological levelo We can study this through behavior- Cognitive and intellectual development of childreno Sigmund Freud Psychology of personalityo Jean Piaget Cognitive development Studied the development of his 3 children Children and their brains are innately curious and explorative and actively seek exploration- Natural state of children No explanation for why not everyone shows curiosity- Possible explanationso Stimulus isn’t very stimulatingo Emotionso Foreclosure You got into an area of interest that wasn’tinteresting to you You made up your mind too early Usually due to pressure Schema- A plan for how to do something Groping- Explorative pullingo Babies don’t know anything when they’re first born Don’t know how to actively do


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FSU CHD 2220 - Lecture notes

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