Study Guide Final Chapters 11 13 Chapter 11 Growth in Middle Childhood Continues at the slow regular pace of early childhood At age 6 an North American child weighs about 45 lbs and add about 2 3 inches in height each year Between ages 6 to 8 girls are shorter and lighter than boys By age 9 this trend reverses Lower portion of body grows faster so they appear long legged Girls have more body fat and boys more muscle Secular Trends in Weight Changes in body size from one generation to the next This pattern suggests that the larger size of today s children is mostly due to a faster rate of physical development Improved health and nutrition are responsible Secular trends are smaller for low income children poorer diets Weight gain is continuing at a high rate Teeth Malnutrition Between ages 6 and 12 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones Girls lose their teeth slightly earlier First teeth to go are the lower ones and then the upper front teeth At first the permanent teeth seem much larger but the growth of the jaw and chin causes the child s face to lengthen and the mouth to widen Care of the teeth is essential because dental health affects the child s appearance speech and ability to chew properly More than 50 of North American children have tooth decay Malocclusion condition of the upper and lower teeth not meeting properly Can be caused by thumb sucking School aged children need a well balanced plentiful diet to provide energy for successful learning and increased physical activity Many spend little time at the table Hurried breakfast is common eating dinner drops sharply between ages 9 and 14 Games Games with rules become common Child invented games usually rely on simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck Permit children to try out different styles of cooperating competing winning and losing with little personal risk Spend as much time working out the details of how a game should proceed as they do playing the game 60 of boys and 40 of girls participate in organized sports outside of school High parental pressure sets the stage for emotional difficulties and early athletic dropout When parents and coaches emphasize effort improvement participation and teamwork young athletes enjoy sports more and exert greater effort to improve their skills Diseases illnesses Experience higher rate of illnesses during the first 2 years of elementary school Due to sick children and still developing immune system 15 20 of North American have chronic diseases and conditions Most common and accounting for 1 3 is asthma Bronchial tubes are filled with mucus and contract Doubled and asthma related deaths has also risen Rough and Tumble play Friendly chasing and play fighting Peaks in middle childhood After this play children continue interacting rather than separating Resembles the social behavior of many young mammals Seems to originate from fathers play with sons More common among boys because prenatal exposure to androgens Boys Consists of playful wrestling restraining and hitting Girls engage in running and chasing Accounts for 10 of free play behavior Evaluate strengths among others physical abilities of winners and losers Schools and Obesity In schools obese children are often socially isolated By middle childhood they report more emotional social and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than normal weight peers Children consume 1 3 of their daily energy intake at school Schools can help reduce obesity by serving healthier meals and ensuring regular physical activity Schools in the U S have limited vending machines have additional recess time in elementary schools and physical education in all grades Overweight and Obese Children Treatment Family disorder hard to treat Most effective interventions are family based and focus on changing behaviors One program both parent and child revise their eating patterns exercise daily and reinforce each other with praise and points for progress Important of intervening at early age The more weight the parent lost the more weight the child lost Programs that focus on both diet and lifestyle can yield substantial long lasting results But work best when parents and children s weight problems is not severe Provide rewards for spending less time being inactive Physical Education Supports the health of their bodies sense of self worth as physically active and capable beings and the cognitive and social skills necessary for getting along with others Only 20 of U S elementary schools have daily physical education Average school aged child gets 1 hour and 20 minutes a week Programs should emphasize enjoyable informal games and individual exercise walking running jumping tumbling and climbing pursuits especially likely to endure Con reduce physical activities only offer classes and competitive sports Pros physical strength resistance to many illnesses and enhanced psychological well being and a longer life Chapter 12 Piaget Advances in thought and Seriation Children enter concrete operational stage thought is more logical flexible and organized Seriation the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or weight To test for this Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest Can seriate mentally an ability called transitive inference Mentally note that since A is longer than B and B is longer than C A is longer than C Limitations children think organized logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly Work poorly with abstract ideas Ex hypothetical situation Susan is taller than Sally and Sally is taller than Mary Who is the tallest Not until age 11 or 12 they can solve this problem School age children do not come up with general logical principles and then apply them to all relevant situations instead they seem to work out the logic of each problem separately Attention In middle childhood attention becomes more selective adaptable and planful Selective attention improves sharply between 6 and 10 Older children flexibly adapt their attention to situational requirements when sorting cards with pictures that vary in both color and shape children age 5 and older can switch their basis of sorting from color to shape when asked Four step sequence 1 Production deficiency fail to produce strategies when they could be helpful 2 Control deficiency young elementary school children sometimes produce strategies but not consistently
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