Chapter 1 Domains of development o Physical Changes in body size proportions appearance functioning of body systems perceptual and motor capacities and physical health o Cognitive Changes in intellectual abilities including attention memory academic and everyday knowledge problem solving imagination creativity and language o Social emotional Changes in emotional communication self understanding knowledge about other people interpersonal skills friendships intimate relationship and moral reasoning and behavior Continuous or discontinuous stage or non stage theory o Continuous a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with o Discontinuous a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times Nature and nurture o Nature nurture controversy are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development o Nature inborn biological givens the hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception Refers to an organism s biological inheritance genes o Nurture the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth Refers to environmental experiences family Sensitive vs critical Theories Erikson Piaget Info Processing Behaviorism o Erikson learned from Freud took a more positive view stage theorist what happens in childhood is important to who you become as an adult but you can go back and fix things that hurt you as a child In his psychosocial theory Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society o Piaget stage theorist said children think differently from adults and are active in construction knowledge Had a cognitive developmental theory which stated that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world o Information Processing not a stage theorist mind is like a computer we manipulate information monitor it and strategize about it The design of digital computers that use mathematically specified steps to solve problems suggested to psychologists that the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol manipulation system through which information flows o Behavorism directly observable events stimuli and responses are the appropriate focus of study Research methods and designs experimental and correlational design ethics in research o Methods o Designs Observations use trained observers to systematically study behavior Survey Interview ask people for information quick and easy Case Study an in depth look at one person Correlational researchers gather information on individuals generally in natural life circumstances and make no effort to alter their experiences examines how two variables are related Experimental permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions used to study causality have experimental and control groups with random assignment to each Research right protection from harm informed consent privacy knowledge of results and beneficial treatments o Ethics in Research Chapter 2 Boy or girl o Sex of the organism is determined by whether an X bearing or a Y bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum o Boy XY chromosomal make up gametes that form in males the X and Y chromosomes separate into different sperm cells o Girl XX chromosomal make up Multiple births dizygotic monozygotic o Dizygotic aka fraternal twins the most common type of multiple birth resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova Older maternal age fertility drugs and IVF are major causes of the rise of fraternal twinning in the past several decades o Monozygotic aka identical twins a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals therefore having the same genetic makeup Genetic inheritance dominant recessive incomplete dominance polygenic inheritance o Dominant only one allele affects the child characteristics these genes override recessive ones Allele for dark hair is dominant marked D o Recessive the second allele has no effect blonde hair is recessive marked b o Incomplete dominance a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combine trait or one that is intermediate between the two o Polygenic inheritance many genes affect the characteristic in question Most traits are determined by more than one single gene or pair of genes This concept means that there are many influences and interactions among genes Down syndrome o Results from a failure of the twenty first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis so the new individual receives three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two For this reason it is also called trisomy 21 Consequences of Down syndrome include mental retardation memory and speech problems limited vocabulary and slow motor development They also have a distinct physical appearance Prenatal diagnosis least invasive o Prenatal diagnosis methods medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth Ultrasound high frequency sound waves are directed at the woman s abdomen noninvasive gives information about structural abnormalities of the fetus Fetal MRI uses a magnet and radio images to generate pictures of the organs Chorionic villus sampling 9 12 weeks a small sample of the placenta is removed more invasive small risk of limb deformity Can detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities Amniocentesis 14 20 weeks a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and analyzed Small risk of miscarriage can detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities Maternal blood analysis 16 18th week identifies elevated risk of birth defects like Spina bifida and Down s syndrome An abnormal test is followed with an ultrasound Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis separate fetal cells from the maternal cells in the mothers blood Infertility adoption o 10 15 of couples in the US are infertile mans they have been unable to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception Can rest with the man too few sperm low sperm motility or women not ovulating fallopian tubes are blocked embryo wont implant in the uterus IVF In Vitro Fertilization most common
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