Exam 2 Study Guide 03 19 2015 Chapters 5 6 and 7 and two sections of Chapter 2 Piaget s Theory and Psychoanalytic Theory Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory Oldest most controversial theory Originator is Sigmund Freud Neurologist who became interested in people with mental illness Most patients had symptoms of physical pain paralysis loss of motor control and memory Freud wanted to find out why He used hypnosis to relieve some symptoms and came to the conclusion that mental illnesses where caused by psychological processes rather than physiological processes He speculated the basis of mental illness could be found in the early development of the child particularly the first 5 years of life The Structure of Personality Instincts the individual is endowed with biologically based sexual and aggressive instincts from birth o They unconsciously motivate everything humans think say or do throughout their lives Libido a form of energy which drives all thinking and behavior o the form in which instincts are expressed Id where libido is stored a place in the mind that Freud called the reservoir of libido o Thought of as a storage battery that has relentless need to discharge its energy from the moment of birth o Discharge takes the form of investments of libido in activities and objects that afford pleasure by reducing tension o Libido may be invested in reality or in fantasy dreams can be o All of the activities of the id are unconscious so we are all a source of pleasure unaware of our instincts Pleasure principle an approach that demands instant gratification the way infants invest libido o Infants find this gratification at their mothers breast o Parents then socialize infants to delay gratification tolerate frustration and seek pleasure in more socially competent ways Ego the component of personality that uses conscious perception and intelligence to find pleasure in a world where needs are not typically met on demand Reality principle the ego functions on this principle because it recognizes the frustrations inherent in living in the real world Superego emerges rather suddenly during the 5th or 6th year of life the seat of mortality has two components o Conscience collection of beliefs attitudes and rules for behavior that function as an internal standard for the appropriateness of behavior o Ego ideal an internalized image of distinctly human form that the child later adult unconsciously strives to become The problem is that there is nothing ideal about the ego ideal it may be positive negative or both o The superego is formed by identification a special form of learning in which the characteristics or significant person same sex parent are incorporated into the child s personality Psychodynamics Freud said that the id ego and superego interact in a dynamic system When the ego attempts to satisfy the id s insatiable needs it is destined to fail due to the difficulty of finding love and hate objects in civilized society Unconscious anxiety result of the ego s failure which undermines the ego s ability to function Unconscious guilt result if the ego does it s job too well rules or ideals in the superego are violated guilt also impairs the functioning of the ego Psychosexual Development The ego therefore exists between a rock and a hard place in a persistent state of internal stress and conflict Defense mechanisms unconscious mental strategies that provide temporary relief from anxiety and guilt forces libido back into the id stifling all desire for o Repression an object depreciating its value o Denial o Rationalization conveniently wipes out memories of traumatic events reduces the desire for an object by An individual may temporarily get off the hook with defense mechanisms the risk is in their overuse While denial can fend off anxiety or guilt persistent denial distorts a person s view of reality laying the foundation for mental illness Psychosexual stages of development progression of stages in which Freud believed that personality emerges gradually over the first 5 to 6 years of life o Each stage is defined by the presence of libido in a particular part or zone of the body Erogenous zone highly sensitive to sexual stimulation and a focus of pleasure based off of libido s presence Oral stage first 18 months pleasure s derived from variations on sucking behavior o Ends when the infant is weaned from sucking to sipping Anal stage the child experiences pleasure in the act of defecation o End when the child is toilet trained Phallic stage between the 4th and 5th year of life the libido shifts location to the genitals o Freud said that the child selects the opposite sex parent as a love object during this stage A choice that creates considerable emotional conflict within the child and within the family o This so called Oedipal complex Electra complex in female is resolved when the child relinquishes his desire for the parent internalizes a superego by identifying with the same ex parent Latency massive repression of sexual and aggressive drives during middle childhood comes after phallic stage really only the calm before the storm Genital stage the young adolescent experiences a rebirth of sexual and aggressive strivings and the return of unresolved conflicts from earlier stages final stage begins in adolescence and extends through adulthood Trauma extreme experiences of anxiety during the first five years of life o May cause the individual to be permanently vulnerable to psychological maladjustment Erikson s Psychosocial Theory of Development Erikson argued that Freud s theory had several limitations it did not adequately describe the powerful effects of family culture on the development of the personality it greatly underestimated the ego s role in psychological adjustment and it did not account for the continued development of the ego beyond the childhood years He described the development of the ego through 8 stages Trust vs mistrust during oral stage infants experience a crisis as they endure cycles of pleasure and frustration in their parent s care Autonomy vs shame during the anal stage toddlers experiences a crisis as they struggle with their parents over control Sense of autonomy the ability to deal effectively with power and decision making in relationships a healthy resolution Mutual regulation sensitive reciprocal caring and emotional sharing between parent and child Erikson said each crisis can only be resolved when families do this In Erikson s view mutual regulation between
View Full Document
Unlocking...