Final Exam CHD2220 Chapter 11 Skeletal muscle growth changes children grow 2 3 inches a year gains 5 7 lbs a year At age 6 average North American child weighs about 45 lbs is 3 1 2 inches tall Between ages 6 8 girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys reverses at age 9 Worldwide a 9 inch gap exists between the smallest and largest 8 year olds Shortest children South America Asia Pacific Islands and parts of Africa Tallest children Australia northern central Europe Canada and U S Both heredity environment are involved in differences in body size long lean body s are found in tropical hot regions stocky cold arctic areas Secular trends in physical growth changes in body size from one generation to the next occur in industrialized nations appears early in life increases over childhood adolescence declines as mature body is reached larger size of today s children mostly due to faster rate of physical development smaller for lower income children who have poor diets Skeletal growth During middle childhood bones of the body lengthen and broaden Between ages 6 12 all 20 primary teeth will fall out replaced by permanent ones girls slightly before boys more than 50 of U S school age children have at least some tooth decay Malocclusion upper and lower teeth do not meet properly Brain Development Weight of the brain increases by only 10 in middle childhood and adolescence increased myelination encasing axons w fat cells which improves processing speed linked to more effective processing of information Advances in prefrontal cortex linked to improved attention reasoning and cognitive control obese Common health problems Poverty continues to be a powerful predictor of poor health during middle childhood Malnutrition apparent in middle childhood retarded growth lower IQ poor motor coordina tion can affect cognitive function Obesity greater than 20 increase over healthy weight based on BMI rise in obesity has occurred in many Western nations Canada Germany Israel Greece Ireland New Zealand UK and US 32 of US children adolescence are overweight more than half extremely so 17 high blood pressure high cholesterol levels respiratory abnormalities and insulin resistance predictors for heart disease circulatory difficulties type 2 diabetes etc cancer Heredity likely to have obese parents twins more consistent Environment factors include lack of knowledge tendency to buy high fat foods lack of convenient access to healthy food family stress Parental feeding practices contribute to childhood obesity parents undermine their children s ability to regulate their own food intake parents of overweight children tend to use high fat sugary foods to reinforce other behaviors leading them to attach to treats Insufficient sleep Watching too much television the more tv children watched the more body fat they added more than 3hrs day 40 more fat than those devoting less than 1 3 4 hrs Diet should consist 30 of cals from fat Treating childhood obesity is difficult bc it is a family disorder most effective interventions family based focused on changing behaviors schools can help reduce obesity by serving healthier meals and requiring physical activity Vision Hearing Bedwetting Myopia most common vision problem in middle childhood nearsightedness 25 of children heredity plays a role identical twins more likely to share condition Otitis media middle ear infection common in infancy early childhood Nocturnal enuresis bedwetting 10 of U S school age children heredity is a major contributor caused by a failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination or by hormonal imbalance that permits too much urine to accumulate during the night antidepressant drugs help reduce urine production only temporary urine alarm most effective alerts child when they are damp 60 70 success Motor Development Play Gross motor development running jumping hopping throwing kicking etc 4 basic motor capacities flexibility balance agility force Fine motor development improves over school years writing drawing playing instruments by age 6 most children can print the alphabet first last names numbers 1 10 by the end of preschool years children can accurately copy 2 dimensional shapes Games with rules Gains in perspective talking understanding role of several players try out different styles of competing winning losing get practice in organizing creating rules Children spend as much time making up the rules as they do playing the game These games are declining children don t spend as much time anymore on their own TV video games adult organized sports Physical Education only 50 of schools require p e average school age child gets 20 min of physical activity a day 1hr 20min a week only 2 3 of boys and 1 2 of girls meet the basis fitness standards for children their age Chapter 12 Piaget 7 12 years of age s 3rd stage of development Concrete Operational Stage Thought is more logical flexible and organized than it was during early childhood can differentiate between appearance and reality think through things mentally Only in the here and now Conservation mental actions that obey logical rules focusing on several aspects of a problem instead of just one Reversibility think through a series of steps and mentally reverse direction returning to the starting point Classification ages 7 10 can focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at the same time Seriation ability to oder items along quantitive dimension such as length or weight Transitive inference seriate mentally Spatial Reasoning better understand spacial relationships directions and maps cognitive maps mental representations of familiar large scale spaces such as their neighborhood or school Information processing Attention and memory underlie every act of cognition are central concerns for middle child hood Reading and math Selective attention improves between ages 6 and 10 with gains continuing through adolescence 1 Gains in information processing capacity more efficient thinking 2 Gains in cognitive inhibition ability to resist interference from external or internal distrac tions Four step sequence Production deficiency control deficiency utilization deficiency effective strategy use Long term memory increases with age in part because of improvements in knowledge and the strategies they use to retain information Strategies for retaining information deliberate mental actions to improve the processing of in formation Rehearsal and Organization repeating
View Full Document
Unlocking...