Chapter 6 Protein Synthesis RNA Instructions for protein synthesis is DNA within the nucleus Transcription stretch of DNA is used as a template to make messenger Translation the process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins Denaturation change in proteins shape uncoil and loss of function Heat Agitation Acid Alcohol Ex heating an egg curdling milk with acid whipped egg whites Protein hydrolysis where Pepsin active protein that cleaves polypeptide into smaller polypeptides in digestion Sickle cell anemia deficit in hemoglobin sequencing Changes shape of RBC Dehydration hemolytic anemia blood vessels burst fever joint and Interfere with oxygen and blood flow abdominal pain Marasmus dry Protein Energy Malnutrition PEM insufficient intake of protein energy or both prevalent form of malnutrition worldwide o Chronic PEM deprivation over long period o Children 6 to 18 months poverty skin and bones o Impaired growth wasting of muscles impaired brain development lower body temp o Digestion and absorption impaired Kwashiorkor wet o Acute PEM recent deprivation of food o Children 18 months to 2 years o Develops rapidly resulting in protein deficiency or illness o Edema fatty liver lack of transport PRO inflammation infections skin and hair changes o Edema plasma protein leaks out between cells Protein attracts water causing swelling Decreases ability to deliver nutrients oxygen to cell and remove wastes cells fail to function Structure of enzymes Protein water relationship Nine Roles of proteins collagen Growth and maintenance building blocks for most body structures Enzymes break down build up and transform substances Hormones messenger molecules transported in blood to target tissues Regulators of fluid balance Acid base regulators buffer protein attract H ions accepting and releasing H ions maintains A B balance Transporters specific proteins act as transporters for specific nutrients can be pumps antigens Antibodies defend body against disease antigens specific for specific Energy glucose starvation and insufficient CHO intake protein is sacrificed glucogenesis Other blood clotting healing vision Amino acid pool what is it Consists of Nitrogen balance amount consumed vs amount excreted Zero nitrogen balance nitrogen equilibrium healthy adults Positive nitrogen balance synthesis degrade o Growing infants children adolescents pregnant women recovering o Retaining protein in new tissues as they add blood bone skin and Negative nitrogen balance degrading synthesis o Starving burns injuries infections fever o Body loses nitrogen as it breaks down muscle and other body proteins from illness muscle cells for energy Tyrosine amino acid Creates neurotransmitters norepinephrine epinephrine Melanin pigment brown hair eyes skin Thyroxin regulates metabolic rate Tryptophan amino acid Precursor for Niacin Serotonin Protein Sparing Limited glucose and fat cells forces protein to be used for energy and glucose Protein available from working structural parts of tissues when needed body tissues will break down and amino acids used for energy 50 100 g of CHO will spare protein Fate of excess protein Amino acid converted to fat when o Energy and protein exceed needs too many kcals o CHO intake is adequate When amino acid broken down 1st stripped of nitrogen containing amino group deamination and results in NH3 and keto acid o Liver detoxifies ammonia and combines with carbon dioxide UREA o Dietary protein UP Urea UP Complementing proteins low quality proteins combined to provide adequate levels of essential amino acids EX Legumes and grains o Legumes have Ile and Lys Grains have Met and Trp Homoscysteine health risk RDA for protein Adults 0 8 g kg of body weight per day o Weight 2 2 weight in kg then multiply by 0 8 to get g or PRO o Infants children adolescents pregnant lactating women and those building new tissue is a group with higher recommended PRO intakes AMDR for protein 10 35 of daily energy intake Chapter 7 Metabolism Figure 7 20 Feasting and Fasting know this inside out FEATSTING When a person eats in excess of energy needs the body stores a small amount of glycogen and much larger quantities of fat CHO is broken down into glucose and used for liver and muscle glycogen stores and body fat stores FAT is broken down into fatty acids and used for body fat stores PRO is broken down into amino acids and used for body protiens loss of nitrogen in urine urea and body fat stores FASTING when nutrients from a meal are no longer available to provide energy about 2 3 hours after meal the body draws on its glycogen and fat stores for energy LIVER AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN STORES are broken down into glucose and then used for energy for the brain nervous system and red blood cells and energy for other cells BODY FAT STORES are broken down into fatty acids and used for energy or other cells FASTING BEYOND GLYCOGEN DEPLETION as glycogen stores dwindle 24 hours of starvation the body begins to break down its protein muscle and lean tissue to amino acids to synthesize glucose needed for brain and nervous system energy In addition the liver converts fats to ketone bodies which serve as an alternative energy source for the brain thus slowing the breakdown of body protein BODY PROTEIN is broken down into amino acids lost of nitrogen in urine urea glucose and keytone bodies GLUCOSE AND KEYTONE BODIES are used for energy for the brain nervous system and red blood cells and then used for energy for other cells BODY FAT is broken down into fatty acids FATTY ACIDS used for energy for other cells and also BROKEN down into KETONE BODIES NOTE alcohol is not included because it is a toxin and not a nutrient but I does contribute energy to the body Parts of the cell and what happens in each ie smooth endoplasmic retic lipid synth 1 inside the cell membrane lies the CYTOPLASM a lattice type structure that supports and controls movement of cell s structures CYTOPLASM a protein rich jelly like fluid fills the spaces within the lattice and contains the enztymes involved in glucose breakdown glycolysis 2 The network of membranes is known as SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM the site of lipid synthesis 3 The MEMBRANE encloses each cells contents and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell 4 A separate inner membrane encloses the cells nucleus 5 Inside the nucleus are CHROMOSOMES contain the genetic material DNA 6 MITOCHONDRIA the powerhouses of the cell are intricately folded
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