Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Weight ManagementWeight ManagementOverweight and Obesity: Chapter 9Overweight and Obesity: Chapter 9Dr. Alisha RovnerDr. Alisha RovnerNTDT 200NTDT 200Fall 2013Fall 2013Overweight and ObesityOverweight and Obesity•In adults, BMI classifications• Overweight 25-29.9• Obese 30-39.9•Major health problem in the U.S.•Growing concern worldwide•Prevalence continues to increase•Epidemic is worldwide•Not merely among industrialized countriesOverweight and Obesity- AdultsOverweight and Obesity- Adults•More than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese•Non-Hispanic blacks have the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity (49.5%) compared with Mexican Americans (40.4%), all Hispanics (39.1%) and non-Hispanic whites (34.3%)http://www.cdc.govOverweight and Obesity- AdultsOverweight and Obesity- Adults•Among non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American men, those with higher incomes are more likely to be obese than those with low income.•Higher income women are less likely to be obese than low-income women.http://www.cdc.govOverweight and Obesity- AdultsOverweight and Obesity- Adults•There is no significant relationship between obesity and education among men. Among women, however, there is a trend—those with college degrees are less likely to be obese compared with less educated women.•Between 1988–1994 and 2007–2008 the prevalence of obesity increased in adults at ALL income and education levels.http://www.cdc.govIncreasing Prevalence of Increasing Prevalence of Obesity among US AdultsObesity among US AdultsObesity- Definition in ChildrenObesity- Definition in Children•Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.•Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.Obesity- ChildrenObesity- Children•Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of 2-19 years are obese.•Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled.•In 2007—2008, Hispanic boys were more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic white boys, and non-Hispanic black girls were significantly more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic white girls.Complications of obesity in childhoodComplications of obesity in childhood•High blood pressure and high cholesterol •Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.•Breathing problems (sleep apnea, asthma)•Musculoskeletal problems•Fatty liver disease, gallstones, GERD •Social and psychological problems, such as discrimination and poor self-esteemLong term complicationsLong term complications•Obese children are more likely to become obese adults.•If children are overweight, obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.Fat Cell DevelopmentFat Cell Development•Energy in exceeds energy out•Stored in fat cells of adipose tissue•Body fat•Number and size of fat cells•Periods in life when fat cell numbers increase•Cell proliferation•Energy out exceeds energy in•Fat cell size decreases; no change in numberFat Cell DevelopmentFat Cell DevelopmentCauses of Overweight & Obesity Causes of Overweight & Obesity – Genetics & Epigenetics– Genetics & Epigenetics•Causative role of genetics•Genetic influences do seem to be involved•Genetics may determine predisposition to obesity•Genes interact with:•Diet and physical activity•Satiety and energy balanceCauses of Overweight & Obesity Causes of Overweight & Obesity – Genetics & Epigenetics– Genetics & Epigenetics•Obesity gene•Codes for the protein leptin•Acts as a hormone in hypothalamus•Promotes negative energy balance•Suppresses appetite•Increases energy expenditureMice with and without Leptin ComparedCauses of Overweight & Obesity Causes of Overweight & Obesity – Genetics & Epigenetics– Genetics & Epigenetics•Obesity gene•Genetic defect is a rare cause of obesityIe. Prader-Willi syndrome is an uncommon genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, decreased muscle tone, short stature, emotional lability and an insatiable appetite which can lead to life-threatening obesityCauses of Overweight & Causes of Overweight & Obesity – EnvironmentObesity – Environment•Encountered daily circumstances•Interaction between environment and genetics•Overeating•Present and past eating and activity patterns influence current body weight•Availability•Serving sizes in restaurants18Larger portions add up!19“We’re finding that portion size can influence intake as much as taste. Large packages and containers can lead to overeating foods we do not even find appealing.”~ Brian Wansink, PhD, John Dyson Endowed Chair in the Applied Economics and Management Department at Cornell University, and author of “Mindless Eating”20Beware of the cost of extra caloriesBeware of the cost of extra calories21Portion distortion over the yearsPortion distortion over the yearsSlides marked by this icon are adapted from “Portion Distortion” by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute at http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/portion Food portion sizes have changedin 20 years.21Guess the calorie difference! Guess the calorie difference! 22140 calories 350 calories210 more caloriesGuess the calorie difference! Guess the calorie difference! 23210 calories 610 calories400 more caloriesGuess the calorie difference! Guess the calorie difference! 2485 calories 250 calories165 more caloriesGuess the calorie difference! Guess the calorie difference! 2545 calories350 calories 305 more caloriesCauses of Overweight & Causes of Overweight & Obesity – EnvironmentObesity – Environment•Physical inactivity•Life requires little exertion•Modern technology•Inactivity contributes to weight gain and poor health•Sedentary activities and weight gain•DRI for prevention of weight gain•60 minutes of moderate activity every dayProblems of Overweight and Problems of Overweight and Obesity
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