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UD NTDT 200 - NTDT200 Chapter 7 Review Questions

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Chapter 7 Review1. Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism and give an example of each.Metabolism- Total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in living cellsAnabolism- reactions that involves doing work therefore requires energy•Eg. Glucose molecules joining together to make glycogen, amino acids joining together to make proteins, glycerol and fatty acids joining together to form triglycerideCatabolism- breaking down of body compounds, energy released•Eg. Breaking down proteins into amino acids2. Name the 4 basic units derived from foods that are used by the body in energy metabolism.The 4 basic units derived from foods are glucose (6 carbons), glycerol (3 carbons), fatty acids (usually an even number of carbons, often 16 or 18), and amino acids (2, 3, or morecarbons).3. What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and what is its role in the body?ATP is a high-energy molecule in the body. ATP contains adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates. When their bonds are broken energy is released.•Body uses ATP to transfer energy released during catabolic reactions to power its anabolic reactions4. What are coenzymes and what service do they provide in metabolism?Coenzymes are organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activities. Without a coenzyme the enzyme cannot do it’s job.5. What nutrients does the body use to meet most of its energy needs? Which nutrient contributes the least?The body uses carbohydrates and fats for most of its energy needsAmino acids are used primarily as building blocks for proteins but do contribute 10-15% of the day’s energy use6. When a person fasts what adaptations does the body make?In an effort to conserve body tissues for as long as possible, the hormones of fasting slow metabolism. During fasting, the body can use its stores of fat to furnish most of its cells with energy, but the red blood cells are completely dependent on glucose, and the brain and nerves prefer energy in the form of glucose. Glycerol and amino acids that yield 1pyruvate can be used for gluconeogenesis—the making of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources—in the liver and kidneys. To obtain the amino acids, body proteins must be broken down. Fat breakdown almost doubles, providing energy for other body cells and glycerol for glucose production. As the fast continues, the body adapts by combining acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids to produce an alternate energy source, ketone bodies, which can be used to fuel the brain. Ketone bodies are compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available. When ketone bodies contain an acid group (COOH), they are called keto acids. When their concentration rises, the pH of the blood drops, and the state known as ketosis develops. Ketosis is characterized by elevated blood ketones (ketonemia), excretion of ketones in the urine (ketonuria), and a fruity odor on the breath (known as acetone breath). 7. What are ketone bodies?Ketone bodies are compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available. When ketone bodies contain an acid group (COOH), they are called keto acids. When their concentration rises, the pH of the blood drops, and the state known as ketosis develops. Ketosis is characterized by elevated blood ketones (ketonemia), excretion of ketones in the urine (ketonuria), and a fruity odor on the breath (known as acetone breath). 8. What do the Dietary Guidelines say about alcohol consumption?Those who drink alcohol should do so sensibility and in moderationUp to 1 drink/day for women and 2 for men9. What accounts for alcohol having a stronger effect on women vs men even at similar body weights?Stomach alcohol dehydrogenase (women produce less)10.Where is the primary site of alcohol metabolism? How much alcohol can this organ process per hour?Liver- metabolisms about ½ ounce of ethanol/hour (equivalent of about 1 drink)11. What are the stages that bring about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcoholism?•Fatty liver- 1st stage of liver deterioration•Fibrosis- 2nd stage of liver deterioration•Cirrhosis- most advanced stage, least reversible212.What effects does alcoholism have on nutrition?•Substituted energy•7 kcalories per gram•Nutrient displacement•Causes foliate deficiency •Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome


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UD NTDT 200 - NTDT200 Chapter 7 Review Questions

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