An Overview of NutritionChapter OneWhat is diet?- The way you eat- Losing weight- Exercise- All food and beverages eaten Important because keeps body healthy, but could make your body unhealthy What you do over time matters and could lead to chronic disease Biggest killers in us are nutrition related Nutrition: the study of human behaviors related to food and eating OR the science of the nutrients in foods and their actions within the bodyFood Choices- Availability, advertisement , background, family, convenience, allergies, body image, personal choice Socially eat more with people Very influenced by family Influence kids and their diets Elderly population influenced bc helps them eat more Food deserts (no farmers markets) are in inner cities; economy influenced Pregnancy can positively or negatively influence associations Emotions could make you eat more Ramadan is a religious value that alters eating & being kosher GMO ***********************************************************************Functional Food (Have a function beyond what intended)- Quick and easy to grab- Good for performance- EX: OJ with calcium; probiotic chocolate- Phytochemical is a compound in food that offers benefits in body and has functions; rainbow of colors of fruits and vegetables FOOD PROVIDES US WITH…Energy: capacity to do work; the body converts chemical energy from foodNutrients: chemical substances obtained from food that the body uses to support growth, maintenance,and repair of the body’s tissues; provides energy Water, carbohydrates, lipids (fat), proteins, vitamins, minerals = 6 classes of nutrientsInorganic Nutrients: do not contain carbonMinerals Simplest of nutrients Chemical element Do not yield energy 16 minerals essential in human nutrition Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate = major minerals Trace minerals: iron, iodine, zinc, chromium, selenium, fluoride, molybdenum, copper, and manganese Indestructible Causes of mineral losses from food include processing, refining However can be bound by substances that interfere with the body’s ability to absorb themWater Next simplest nutrient A compound made of two elements; hydrogen and oxygen Nearly all body activities are conducted by water Makes up largest part of body; around 60%; higher in men; lower in athletesOrganic Nutrients: contain carbon (technically means they are living)Protein found in muscle, skin, and help regulate digestion & energy metabolism nitrogen also a part ** Complete Protein: has all amino acids EX: animal products, quinoa, soy Can put whole grains together with legumes to create the complete protein (vegetarians)LipidsCarbsVitamins Organic, but don’t provide energy Facilitate release of energy from fat, carbs, and protein; almost every bodily action requires assistance from vitamins Each of the 13 vitamins has a special role to play Water- soluble vitamins: vitamin C and vitamin B (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins B6 and B12, folate, biotin, and pantothenic acid); short-term storage Fat-Soluble: vitamins A, D, E, and K; long-term storage Vitamins only work while intact They are vulnerable to destruction by heat, light, and chemical agents Essential Nutrients: found in food; needed from outside the body*example of nutrient made in the body VITAMIN D through the sun, but not enough*Energy- yielding Nutrients: Carbs, Fat, and Protein (Macronutrients… needed in large amounts [grams daily])EX: CHO 2 x4 8 = 81 caloriesPRO 7 x4 28FAT 5 x9 45 Amount of energy in food depends on macronutrient composition ^ just figured that outUsing nutrients for energyo Breaking of bondso Storage of excess energy Metabolism (the process; often perceived as how fast you digest food) **o Materials for building body tissueso Regulation of bodily activities Minerals & Vitamins are sometimes called Micronutrients (needed in small amounts [milligrams or micrograms daily])Calories: units that measure energy Usually shortened means kcals which are 1000 calorie metric units When completely broken down, a gram of carbs yields about 4 kcals of energy, gram of protein yields 4 kcals, a gram of fat yields 9 kcals Only Non-nutrient that provides energy alcohol yields 7 kcals/g Non-nutrients: fibers (some could be carbs), phytochemicals, pigments, additives, alcoholsEnergy Density: a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food (kcal per gram) High density helps with weight gain & low density helps with weight loss- Alcohol contributes energy, but is not a nutrient because it doesn’t sustain life- It interferes with growth, maintenance, and repair of the body- Most foods have more than one nutrient except sugar (pure carbs) and oil (pure fat) The science of nutrition has foundation in other sciences like biology, biochemistry, physiologyGenome: the complete set of genetic material in an organism or cell Mom mouse has gene for color of mouse to be yellow and mouse to be obese; during pregnancyif fed certain nutrients, mouse is yellow and obese; when fed other nutrients baby mouse is brown and not Food makes the switch in the gene Sequencing of human genome has had tremendous growth The integration of genomics and nutrition is called Nutritional Genomics which is the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease If you have 24 lights in your house, are your lights on? NO, NEED ELECTRICITY; if it is dark out, want light, but if it is light out, it’s a waste Cancer gene don’t want it activated, hair color doesn’t make a difference1.3 is stuff that you know ** study from textbook Epidemiological Studies: research the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population (observational)- Cross- Sectional Studies: a slice in time; right now - Case- Control Studies: get a group of people that are very similar to see why someone has something that someone else lacks- Cohort Studies: comparison or correlationBenefits: based on real humans, on the spot results, analyze a lot of dataExperimental Studies: test cause and effect relationships between variables-Laboratory- based animal studies (not realistic): mice have such a short life span so results can happen really quickly-Laboratory-base in vitro studies (not realistic)-Clinical
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