Chapter 6 Review1. How are proteins similar to fats and carbohydrates in terms of their chemicalcomposition? What atom does proteins contain that fat and carbohydrates don’t?- Contain C, H, and O but also N- Amino acidso Co Ho Amino (nitrogen containing) group (NH2)o Acid group (COOH)o Side group/side chain2. What do all amino acids contain? What differentiates one amino acid from another?- C- H- Amino group- Acid group- Side group/chain- Differences in side groups cause differences in characteristics, electrical charge, shape, and size3. What are essential amino acids and how many are there?Essential amino acids are amino acids that your body cannot make at all or in sufficient quantitates. There are 9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids) 4. Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.- Primary: linear arrangement of amino acids in a protein and the location of covalent linkages such as disulfide bonds between amino acids - Secondary: areas of folding or coiling within a protein- Tertiary: the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids- Quaternary: non-covalent interactions that bind multiple polypeptides into a single, larger protein. Hemoglobin has quaternary structure due to the association of two alpha globin and two beta globin polypeptides. 5. Describe the structure of hemoglobin.Quaternary structure due to the association of two alpha globin and two beta globin polypeptides6. Explain protein denaturation and give an example that can occur with a foodand in the body.Denaturation is a change in protein shape and consequent loss of function, ex: egg white hardening/whipping, curdling of milk in acid7. Describe positive and nitrogen balance.- Positive nitrogen = body synthesizing more than it is degrading (occurs in growing infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant women) - Negative = body degrading more than it is synthesizing (persons who are starving, burns, or infections)- Nitrogen balance = nitrogen in equals nitrogen out (healthy adults)8. Compare the nitrogen balance state of a healthy adolescent female, aged 16, with that of a 45-year-old, healthy male adult.Healthy adolescent female will have positive nitrogen, while the male adult will have nitrogen balance 9. What is the significance of increased high-quality protein consumption in the American diet? Are there any dietary strategies to enhance quality protein consumption other than direct consumption of high-quality proteins?If Americans consumed more complete and high quality proteins, they would get all of the amino acids they need, and would lower the number of people with protein deficiencies. Individuals can get up to 99% of their protein needs from animal protein!10. What is the amino acid pool?The amino acid pool is a “pool” of broken down proteins that have become loose amino acids that are now free within the cells of the body and can circulate in the blood to be used to make body proteins 11. What is meant by a protein’s digestibility?Protein digestibility is based on the PDCAAS, assesses the quality of the protein (amountof amino acids) and the ability to digest it12. What are the recommended intakes of protein?.8 g/kg of body weight per day10-35% of daily energy
View Full Document
Unlocking...