Chapter 81. HungerPhysiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengersCan be triggered by variety of reasons: last meal, climate, hormones, illness. Hungers determined when, what, and how much to eatAppetite tells a person to eat or not to eat2. Satiation –feeling of satisfaction that occurs during a meal and halts eating. Determines how much food is consumed during a meal3. Satiety –feeling of fullness and satisfaction that happens after a meal- inhibits eating until next meal. Determines how much time passes between meals4. Thermogenesis- generation of heatEnergy is expended for 4 reasonsBasal metabolismPhysical activityFood consumptionAdaptation5. Amenorrhea- loss of a period for womenAs high as 66% for athletesCharacteristicsEstrogen is lowInfertilityBone mineral lossWhat can lead to them? OsteoporosisStress fracturesMore common in anorexia than bulimiaNutrition essentialYou need fat for estrogen and estrogen to support calcium6. BMIBody mass indexRelative weight for heightBMI = weight (kg)height (m)2Health-related classificationsHealthy weight: BMI = 18.5 to 24.9Not a measure of body compositionChapter 9Chapter 61. What are proteins made out of?a. Atoms – Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogenb. Amino acids i. Carbon ii. Hydrogeniii. Amino groupiv. Acid groupv. Side group or side chain c. Proteins are more complex than carbs or fats 2. What are essential AA? Non-essential AA? Conditionally essential AA?a. Essential amino acids- 9 that the human body cannot make. Must be supplied by diet b. Nonessential amino acids- body can make these out of the essential AA (amino acids)c. Conditionally essential- when a non-essential becomes an essential 3. Explain denaturation?a. Proteini. Denaturation- when proteins are subjected to heat (cooking), acid (in the stomach), etc., also oxygen (heat changes the shape of the protein chain)1. Disruption of stability causes them to uncoil and lose shapea. Ex. hardening of egg when cooked, curdling of milk when add lemon2. Stomach acid- denatures protein in body (through digestion)4. Explain the possible health consequences of a high protein dieta. Bad for you liver because if you do not drink enough water when you eat proteinb. Puts strain on liver c. You are dehydrated- so more thirsty 5. Protein turnover & amino acid poola. Amino acid pool- all AA pulled together for use from body for energy b. Continual production and destruction6. Amino acid pool pattern is fairly constanta. Used for protein productionb. Used for energy – if stripped of nitrogen7. Explain nitrogen balance. Who would be positive and who would be negative?a. Positive Nitrogen Balancei. When the body synthesizes more than it is degrading1. Ex. growing children and teens, pregnant women, people recovering from an illness (growth and development) b. Negative Nitrogen Balancei. When the body is degrading more than it is synthesizing1. Ex. if extremely sick (fever), burns (skin, body having to repair tissue)c. Urine test to check nitrogen balance 8. Explain the conversion of ammonia to urea.a. (Ammonia is a bi-product of when everything is broken down- it is too basic and combines with carbon dioxide to form urea)b. Liver – where ammonia and carbon dioxide are formed to form ureac. Dietary protein – the more protein you eat, the more ammonia is converted to form urea9. How do high levels of protein affect those with liver disease? Kidney disease?a. Liver disease i. Blood ammonia high b. Kidney disease i. Blood urea is high 10. What is the RDA for protein?a. 10-35% Structural Materials – proteins form integral parts of most body tissues and provide strength and shape to skin, tendons, membranes, muscles, organs, and bonesEnzymes – proteins facilitate chemical reactionsHormones – proteins regulate body processes (some, but not all, hormones are proteins)Fluid balance – proteins help to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids Acid-base balance - proteins help to maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids by acting as buffersTransportation – proteins transport substances, such as lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen around the body Antibodies - proteins provide some fuel, and glucose if needed, for the body’s energy needs Other – the protein fibrin creates blood clots; the protein collagen forms scars; the protein opsin participates in visionChapter 71. Be able to recognize the parts of a cella. Mitochondria (“powerhouse”)2. What are anabolic reactions? Catabolic reactions?a. Anabolic reactions- small molecules bind into larger ones i. Requires energyb. Catabolic reactions- large molecules break up into smaller moleculesi. Releases energy 3. Define:a. Coenzyme- work with enzymes to help them functioni. Organicii. Associate with enzymesiii. Without coenzymes, an enzyme cannot functioniv. Is NOT a proteinv. Ex. Some B vitamins are coenzymes1. CoQ10 is a coenzyme b. Glycolysis- anaerobic, can be aerobici. 6 carbon glucose is split in ½ - these continue along the pathway to become pyruvate1. 1 glucose = 2 pyruvate2. Cells uses 2 ATP to breakdown but then gains 4 so the net is 2 3. Hydrogen atoms carried to electron transport chain4. Pyruvate can be converted back into glucose c. Pyruvatei. Quick energy needs – anaerobic 1. Pyruvate to lactate a. Energy is quick but not sustainable (think sprinting)b. Pyruvate accepts hydrogens i. Converts pyruvate to lactatec. Produces ATP quickly i. Mitochondrial ability- mitochondria cannot handle this so it moves on to muscles d. Accumulation of lactate in muscles i. Effects – actually improved performance 2. Cori cycle- recycling of lactate to glucose in liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle ii. Slower energy needs (you don’t need energy immediately)- aerobic 1. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA2. Energy is produced more slowly but you get a larger yield that lasts longer3. Pyruvate enters mitochondria of cella. ONLY if oxygen is available (meaning that you are not requiring a lotof energy at the time)4. Carbon is removed—becomes carbon dioxide 5. 2-carbon compounds joins with CoA becoming Acetyl CoA- its irreversible a. aerobic activity- requires oxygenb. so, it only becomes Acetyl CoA if oxygen is available6. Acetyl CoA pathways 4. What are the products of the TCA cycle? Glycolysis? Electron Transport Chaina. Glycolosis i. Products 1. 2 pyruvate 2. 2 ATPb. TCA Cyclei. Products 1. Carbon dioxide2. 8 electrons that are released to ETC c. Electron Transport Chain i. Products1. ATP2.
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