NTDT200 Final exam review questions What are the 6 classifications of nutrients Which ones are organic which ones are inorganic Remember organic means a molecule containing carbon carbon bonds or carbon hydrogen bonds Vitamins Minerals Inorganic Carbs Lipids Proteins Water Inorganic How many kcal per gram do each of the energy yielding nutrients provide Fats 9 Alcohol 6 Carbs Proteins 6 What is the difference between essential and non essential nutrients Essential From the 6 classes Nonessential Ones that body can produce internally from food sources What does it mean when two variables are correlated Give an example They relate to each other Complete the following table Term Dietary Reference Intakes DRI Estimated Average Requirement EAR Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA Adequate Intake AI Definition Guide for healthy people Tells you your standards Average daily amount of nutrient that will maintain function in half the healthy people Amount considered adequate to meet nutrient needs Daily amount of nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion water vitamin minerals Point where nutrient is likely to be toxic Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL What is the definition of Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges AMDR and what are the AMDRs for the macronutrients Composition of a diet that provides adequate energy and nutrients and reduces risk of chronic diseases Carbs 45 65 Fats 20 35 Protein 10 35 What are the 6 diet planning principles Adequacy Balance kCalorie Control Nutrient Density 1 Moderation Variety What information is required by law to be on food labels Total food energy food energy from fat Total fat saturated fat trans fat cholesterol Sodium Total Carbs dietary fiber sugar Protein Vitamin A C iron Calcium What are the different types of claims that can be made on a food label Nutrient Claim Characterize amount of nutrients in food Fat Free Health Claim Relationship between nutrients in food and a disease Diets high in calcium may help with osteoporosis Structure Function Claim Relationship between a nutrient and its role in the body promotes healthy heart slows aging What are the health benefits associated with vegetarian diets What nutrients do vegetarians have to pay special attention to Need more Iron Protein Zinc Calcium B12 Lower Rates of Obesity Type 2 Diabetes Hypertension Heart Disease Cancer Fiber plays a significant role in helping an individual maintain nutritional health and well being If someone plans to increase dietary fiber in his her diet what recommendations would you make to ensure that dietary fiber intake is adequate and beneficial Have plant products List the monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides What is each one composed of Monosaccharides Glucose blood sugar Fructose Fruit Sugar Galactose Milk Disaccharides Maltose glucose glucose Sucrose Fructose glucose Lactose Galactose glucose Polysaccharides Glycogen Starches What are the three classes of lipids Triglycerides Sterols Insoluble in water and Phospholipids What are the basic structures of fatty acids Chain of carbons with hydrogen attached CH3 on one side COOH on the other What is the chemical composition of a triglyceride 3 fatty acids What are lipoproteins Solve the body s challenge of transporting fat through the watery bloodstream What s the main difference between fats and oils Fats Solid at room temperature Oils Liquids at room temperature 2 How does the chemical structure of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates and fats Proteins have N where fats and carbs only have C H and O What compounds is cholesterol a precursor for Linoleic Acid 5 10 Linolenic Acid 0 6 1 2 Vitamin D Fill in the following table Amino Acid Essential Non essential Conditionally required Non essential amino acid becomes essential Tyrosine What does the concept of nitrogen balance refer to Nitrogen in nitrogen out Equilibrium Nitrogen In Nitrogen Out Growing kids or pregnant Nitrogen Out Nitrogen In Older people Definition Amino acids the body can t make Amino acids the body CAN synthesize What is the concept of complementary proteins What is an example Low Quality Proteins combined to provide adequate levels of essential amino acids Rice and Beans What is the difference between satiation and satiety Satiation Feeling of fullness that occurs during a meal tells people to stop eating Satiety Continues to suppress hunger tells people not to start eating again Steps of Alcohol Influence Fatty Liver Fibrosis Cirrohsis What are the differences in health risks of someone who has an apple vs a pear shape Apple Upper body fat is more common in men Pear lower body fat is more common in women What are the BMI classifications for adults BMI Weight Status Below 18 5 Underweight 18 5 24 9 Average Weight 25 0 29 9 Overweight 30 0 and Above Obese What are similarities and differences between vitamins and energy yielding nutrients Energy Yielding Nutrients Carbs Fats Proteins What are some of the functions of the hypothalamus Control center for eating integrates message about energy intake expenditure storage 3 Describe some ways that trace minerals interact with each other and other nutrients Inorganic Not destroyed by heat air or mixing Calcium Potassium Sodium Distinguish between heme and nonheme iron Heme Iron Only found in animal foods 25 absorbed Non Heme iron Found in both plant and animal foods 17 absorbed What can enhance the absorption of nonheme iron MEP Factor Found in meat fish and poultry Vitamin C Some acids and sugars Who may need extra iron to prevent deficiency Vegetarians infants women in reproductive years pregnant women Discuss iron and vegetarian diets Legumes grains plant foods nuts and seeds What causes iron overload What are its symptoms Hemosiderosis Deposits of iron storing protein in liver heart joints and tissues Treatment Chelation Therapy Must measure saturation and serum ferritin What roles does iodine play in the body Iodine foods Iodide in body Part of thyroid hormones Helps with body temp metabolic rate reproduction growth blood cell production nerve and muscle function What does iodine deficiency result in Thyroid hormone DECLINES More secretion of TSH Goiter Enlargement of thyroid gland 4
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