Chapter 7: Energy Metabolism Highlight 7:Alcohol and NutritionLecture ObjectivesIntroductionClicker QuestionChemical Reactions in the BodySlide 6Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions ComparedSlide 8ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Capture and Release of Energy by ATPSlide 11Breaking Down Nutrients for EnergySlide 13Simplified Overview of Energy-Yielding PathwaysReview of Energy-Yielding Nutrient EndpointsFeasting – Excess EnergyTransition from Feasting to FastingFasting – Inadequate EnergyLow-Carbohydrate DietsAdverse Side Effects of Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic DietsMetabolism Myths and FactsSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Alcohol in the BodyAlcohol in the BodyDietary Guildelines1 serving AlcoholAlcohol’s InfluenceSlide 30Slide 31Alcohol’s Effects on the BrainAlcohol Doses & Approximate Blood Level Percentages for Men & WomenAlcohol Blood Levels and Brain ResponsesAlcohol’s DamageAlcohol’s EffectsSlide 37Signs of AlcoholismPowerPoint PresentationMyths and Truths about AlcoholSlide 41Slide 42Slide 43Extra CreditChapter 7: Energy Metabolism Chapter 7: Energy Metabolism Highlight 7:Alcohol and Nutrition Highlight 7:Alcohol and NutritionDr. Alisha RovnerDr. Alisha RovnerNTDT200NTDT200Fall 2013Fall 2013Lecture ObjectivesLecture Objectives•Identify the nutrients involved in energy metabolism and the high-energy compound that captures the energy released during their breakdown. •Explain how an excess of any of the three energy-yielding nutrients contributes to body fat and how an inadequate intake of any of them shifts metabolism.•Describe how alcohol disrupts metabolism and impairs health.IntroductionIntroduction•Energy (“capacity to do work”)•Different forms of energy include heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical•Stored in the body as chemical energy which powers myriad activities of all cells•Nutrients from food provide the body with fuel through a series of reactions that release energyClicker QuestionClicker QuestionWhat type of energy is stored in food and in the body?A. HeatB. MechanicalC. ElectricalD. ChemicalChemical Reactions in the Chemical Reactions in the BodyBody•Metabolism•Total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells•Body releases energy, water, and carbon dioxide•Energy metabolism •All reactions by which the body obtains and expends energy from foodChemical Reactions in the Chemical Reactions in the BodyBody•Anabolism- reactions that involves doing work therefore requires energy•Eg. Glucose molecules joining together to make glycogen, amino acids joining together to make proteins•Catabolism- breaking down of body compounds, energy released•Eg. Breaking down proteins into amino acidsAnabolic and Catabolic Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions ComparedReactions ComparedChemical Reactions in the Chemical Reactions in the BodyBody•Transfer of energy in reactions – ATP •Some of the energy released during catabolism is captured by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a compound composed of adenine, ribose & 3 phosphates•Body uses ATP to transfer energy released during catabolic reactions to power its anabolic reactionsATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Capture and Release of Energy Capture and Release of Energy by ATPby ATPChemical Reactions in the Chemical Reactions in the BodyBody•Enzymes (proteins that act as catalysts)•Facilitators of metabolic reactions•Coenzymes (enzyme helpers)•Associate with enzymes•Without coenzyme, an enzyme cannot functionBreaking Down Nutrients for Breaking Down Nutrients for EnergyEnergy•During digestion the body breaks down the 3 energy yielding nutrients into 4 basic units that can be absorbed •Carbohydrates – glucose (& other monosaccharides)•Fats (triglycerides) – glycerol and fatty acids•Proteins – amino acidsBreaking Down Nutrients for Breaking Down Nutrients for EnergyEnergy•The body uses carbohydrates and fats for most of it’s energy needs•Amino acids are used primarily as building blocks for proteins but do contribute 10-15% of the day’s energy useSimplified Overview of Energy-Simplified Overview of Energy-Yielding PathwaysYielding PathwaysReview of Energy-Yielding Nutrient EndpointsFeasting – Excess Energy Feasting – Excess Energy •Excess protein•False that protein builds only muscle not fat•Excess carbohydrates•Extra glucose can be converted to fat directly•Excess fat•Most direct and efficient conversion•Almost all excess storedTransition from Feasting to Transition from Feasting to Fasting Fasting •During fasting carbohydrate, fat and proteins are all eventually used for energy•Fasting state draws on stored glycogen and adipose tissue’s stored fat•Several hours later most of the glucose is used up, the liver’s glycogen store is exhausted and blood glucose fallsFasting – Inadequate EnergyFasting – Inadequate Energy•Adaptations to conserve energy •Increases breakdown of fat to provide energy•Uses glycerol and amino acids to make glucose for RBC’s and CNS•Creates an alternate fuel, Uses fat to fuel brain (Ketone bodies)•Suppresses appetite•Slows metabolismLow-Carbohydrate DietsLow-Carbohydrate Diets•Low carbohydrate diets create a metabolism similar to fasting•Fad diets regard ketosis as key to weight loss; however, research doesn’t support this •Often the weight will return at a higher level than where the person startedAdverse Side Effects of Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic DietsMetabolism Myths and FactsMetabolism Myths and FactsClaim: Our metabolic rates can't change.The truth: While it's true that genetics help determine our metabolic rates, we can boost metabolism by increasing lean muscle mass. Muscle burns more calories per hour than fat, which means that people with lean, muscular bodies need more calories to function than people with a higher percentage of body fat.Metabolism Myths and FactsMetabolism Myths and FactsClaim: Very low calorie diets and skipping meals can jumpstart weight loss.The truth: Weight loss is all about creating an energy deficit – ingesting fewer calories than your body expends each day – but creating too large of a calorie deficit can backfire. Severely limiting calories can make your body think it's entering a famine, and that it needs to do more with fewer calories. Your body adapts to the restricted caloric intake, and uses fewer calories to perform the same tasks.Metabolism Myths and FactsMetabolism Myths and FactsClaim: A diet of green tea and chili peppers will boost
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