05 13 2014 Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E K Require bile for digestion and absorption Travel through lymphatic system Many require transport proteins in bloodstream If you don t take in enough PRO you can not absorb the vitamins because they cant be transported Body will store Fat soluble vitamins in Liver and fat cells Risk of Toxicity is much greater because of ability to store Vitamin K bacteria Some Drugs disrupt Vitamin K synthesis and action antibiotics kill High doses can reduce effects of anticoagulant drugs Can be obtained from non food source o Bacteria in GI Tract o Stored in liver Blood clotting prothrombin Metabolism of bone proteins formation Vitamin E Four different Tocopherol compunds o Alpha beta gamma delta RDA 15mg d o Osteocalcin need vitamin K to bind minerals for bone Alpha tocopherol Vitamin E Activity in the body Liver regulates Vitamin E concentrations Toxicity is rare Higher recommendations for smokers Destroyed by heat processing and oxidation Vitamin E is an Antioxidant o Prevents oxidation of PUFA o Protects Vitamin A Protects cells and their membranes o Stops chain reactions of free radicals from producing more free radicals Deficiency Erythrocyte hemolysis classic sign premature infants vitamin e not transferred from mom in late weeks of pregnancy o Vitamin E treatment correct hemolytic anemia too few RBC due to erythrocyte hemolysis Neuromuscular dysfunction vision speech impaired Vitamin D Most likely of vitamins to have toxic affect o Raises blood calcium concentrations Body Synthesis o Sunlight o Precursor made in liver from Cholesterol Active form of D is a Hormone Binding Protien varies it to target organ 3 primary target sites GI tract to absorb more Ca and P Bones to release more Kidneys to retain more Maintain blood Ca concentrations and support bon formation Rickets Bones fail to calcify normally o Bones bend o Affects children o Affects adults Osteomalacia poor mineralization of bones Osteoparosis Loss of calcium from bones resulting from reduced vitamin D o Results in fractures o RDA difficult to meet without sunshine SPF15 30 with 10 20 minutes of exposure sufficient Hand face arm exposure on summer day for 5 10 minutes 2 3x a week will maintain Elderly are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency because o Lose ability to make and activate vitamin D o Drink less milk o Spend much of the day indoors Vitamin A and beta carotene Deficiency o Night blindness early sign of Vitamin A deficiency o Blindness advanced form Xerophthalmia Stored in liver Beta carotene toxicity o Overconsumption from food stored under Skin Yellow Skin o From supplements antioxidant becomes prooxidant destroys vitamin A and storage form development Retinol retinal retinoic acid Retinol supports reproduction sperm development major transport Retinal vision Retinoic acid regulates cell differentiation growth and embryonic Without Vitamin A the normal structure and function of the cells in the mucous membranes are impaired Children are sensitive to overdose Birth defects excess during pregnancy o Cell death in spinal cord o Teratogen substance causing birth defect Accutane made from vitamin A but chemically different Keratinization change in shape and size of epithelial outer surface cells Goblet cells make mucus to coat and protect epithelia cells from microorganisms and other substances Rhodopisin opsin bonded to retinal B12 vitamin In small intestine it binds with intrinsic factor and combined helps it get absorbed Choline Vitamin like compounds Conditionally essential Nutrient Vitamin C Antioxidant Deficiency o Cofactor in Collagen Formation Matrix for bone and tooth formation o Gums bleed and capillaries under skin break spontaneously o Brown rough skin o Hysteria depression RDA o 90mg men o 75mg women o 35 mg smokers Conversion of Tryptophan to serotonin Conversion of Tyrosine to norepinephrine Making hormones Vitamin b9 FOLATE Folacin or Folic Acid Need Folic acid to convert vitamin b12 to its coenzyme form Neural Tube Defects from folic acid Deficiency o Brain Spinal cord development Supplement use for women wishing to get pregnant 1 month before conception o through first trimester RDA 4mg higher during pregnancy Cleft lip and palate Risk for heart attack strick or death from cardiovascular cause is NOT REDUCED Deficiency o Impairs cell division and protein synthesis o Red blood cells and GI tract Falter o Anemia Macrocytic Larger Cells o Inadequate intakes infant goat milk o Mask a vitamin B12 deficiency Heat and oxidation destroy folate Vitamin B6 Three Forms Pyridoxal Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Conversion to Coenzyme PLP Amino acid metabolism with biotin Urea metabolism Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin Synthesis of DNA RNA and Lecithin Stored in Muscle Tissue exclusively RDA 1 3mg day Deficiency scaly Dermatitis microcytic anemia small depression confusion Biotin Participates in Gluconeogenesis Making new protein from AA metabolism and FATTY ACID synthesis as well as GLYCOGEN synthesis Produced in Body in GI bacteria Coenzyme Carries CO2 Breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids AI 30 micrograms a day no RDA Depression skin rash hair loss neurological impairment Niacin Major form of niacin in blood Nicotinamide RDA 16 mg Niacin equivalent NE for men RDA 14mg Niacin equivalent NE for Women Body Makes Niacin from tryptophan No harm in naturally occurring foods Food Sources Protein Rich Foods Meat Fish Poultry Nuts Enriched Grains Pellagra o 4Ds Dermatitis Diarrhea dementia Death Coenzymes NAD and NADP Corn is a poor source Niacin Flush red face from too much Pantothenic Acid AI 5mg d Fatigue GI distress RARE Burning feet in soldiers WWII Destroys with food processing Coenzyme A Riboflavin B2 Deficiencies Ariboflavinosis inflammation of membranes purple tongue cracks in mouth o Glossitis and cheilosis deficiencies Riboflavin milk and milk products whole grains o Ice cream yogurt cheese Destruction UV light irradiation not by cooking 1 3m 1 1w Thiamin B Vitamin Need enough thiamin to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA TCA cyle Nerve activity and muscle activity RDA 1 2 mg men 1 1 women Food Sources Pork o Bacon Ham Pork Chops Ribs Anything Pig Deficiency o Wernicke Korsakoff o BeriBeri Wet cardiovascular system heart cant pump all fluid out o Dry Nervous system prolonged cooking will destroy B1 alternative steaming microwaving The B Vitamins As Individuals Vitamins don t provide the body with fuel for energy are Coenzymes Coenzymes assist with the release
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