Chapter 1 Developmentalists Development Development is Regression Mesosystem Researchers and practitioners who study the development process The gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related changes in biological and psychological systems through transactions with the environment Gradual Cumulative Transactional build upon one another Example an Doesn t take place right before our eyes observed or measured over period of months or years Parents must take their time and be patient infant s creeping movements combined with advances in strength and balance lead to walking climbing Every experience is important children influence the environment just as much as their environment influences them simple cause and effect explanations do not capture the complexity of children s interactions with the people around them Example teacher believes that conflict in the child s family may have caused him to be aggressive his aggression may be the major source of the family s conflict We can promote favorable developmental outcomes only by entering into transactions with our children encouraging change as we experience change in ourselves relationships between living organisms and their environments doesn t go backwards exception regression typically irreversible usually ecology is the study of the Takes place in an ecosystem Relatively permanent More serious reversals in development Brought on by illness injury deprivation abuse or severe trauma Unlikely to self correct and may require specialized interventions daycare school Family system is dominant force in microsystem Effects on microsystem divorce remarriage step families dual careers Describes relationships among elements in the microsystem Example relationship between family and day care Microsystem Where children interact with family peers and services Exosystem Macrosystem Risk Opportunity Resilience Resilience Factors Vulnerability Chapter 3 Prenatal Stage of Development Menstrual Cycle Progesterone Endometrium Ovulation Fertilization Ovarian reserve Menopause Semen Lack of communication can promote distrust between parents and caregivers Identifies social supports available to the family in the community neighbors and social services Political system Outermost layer that deals with the cultural context of development societal values reflected in social policies toward children Threatens to undermine development and sacrifice the child s potential Supports development and promotes the realization of that potential For economically advantaged children opportunities for development far outweigh the risks The tendency to overcome risk Traits and attitudes inside of us When a risk comes at us something allows us to take on that risk makes us strong adaptive and capable in difficult situations The tendency to fall prey to risk The period that begins with conception and ends with the birth of the newborn infant Usually lasts 266 days Three time periods trimesters 1 Period of the zygote germinal period 2 Period of the embryo 3 Period of the fetus Cycle begins with the onset of the menstrual period hormonal secretion stimulates growth of egg egg ripens ovulation fertilization Hormone in the ovaries that stimulate endometrium to prepare for the arrival of the fertilized egg Lining of the uterus Egg breaks through ovary wall Penetration of egg by sperm Takes place in fallopian tubes If fertilization does not take place the unfertilized and excess endometrial tissue and blood is eliminated from the system in the first few days of the next menstrual cycle The remaining viable eggs in a woman s ovaries when a woman ages the number of available eggs declines End of menstrual cycle Produced in the testes One ejaculation contains 200 to 400 million sperm cells A few thousand arrive in fallopian tubes When a single sperm cell penetrates the egg a chemical reaction on the surface of the egg prevents other sperm from entering prenatal development has begun Infertile Female Fertility Unable to conceive after one year of sexual relations without contraception or unable to carry the fetus to term 1 in 6 couples Decreases with age Cause Endometriosis Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Prolonged use of alcohol Male Fertility Increases with age Causes Overheating of testicles Accidental injury to testicles or nerves blood vessels attached to them Chronic use of marijuana or alcohol A buildup in the fallopian tubes of sloughed off endometrial cells from the uterus More likely to happen in women later in their reproductive year The surface of the ovary becomes overwhelmed by cysts which causes irregularity in menstrual periods and interfere with the normal process of ovulation 1 Zygote germinal period first two weeks cells begin to divide at a very rapid rate cells begin to differentiate into distinct layers that will eventually form individual organ systems 2 Embryo 2nd 8th week all of the major organ systems of the baby are structurally formed with the exception of the genitals 3 Fetus rapid development of the organ systems Original cell divides into 2 cells eventually develops into a ball of cells blastocyst and moves from the fallopian tubes to the uterus implantation then occurs and placenta begins to form Ball of cells differentiates into 3 distinct layers of cells 1 Ectoderm 2 Mesoderm 3 Endoderm The structure of all the major organ systems except the genitals is established known as organogenesis Endometriosis Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 3 Trimesters of Prenatal Development Period of the Zygote Period of the Embryo Period of the Fetus Placenta Umbilical Cord Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Cephalocaudal Principle Proximodistal Principle Age of viability Teratogens Anencephaly Thalidomide DES Each organ begins and completes its development nervous system heart kidney and liver begin to function Two principles of growth and development 1 Cephalocaudal 2 Proximodistal Final and longest stage of prenatal development Fetus size multiplies by 10 Mother can feel quickening the baby kicking Organ that sustains the baby by allowing oxygen and nutrients from the mother s blood to cross a semi permeable membrane to the baby and waste products from the baby to return to the mother A tube containing two arteries and one vein which is pressurized to prevent tangling How the placenta is attached to the baby Layer of cells that develop into the brain the spinal cord the nerves and the skin Layer of cells that form the skeletal system muscles heart and
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