CHAPTER 1 I The Concept of Development Development the gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related changes in biological and psychological systems through transactions with the environment changes that we see in children over relatively long periods of time that have a significant impact on their lives Developmentalists researchers and practitioners who study the developmental process A Development is Gradual Developmental change is observed or measured over periods of months or years You must be persistent and consistent in efforts to bring about change in developing children B Development is Cumulative C Developmental Change is Relatively Permanent Developmental change is typically irreversible Change moves forward not backward In some instances children can act out in pre developed ways For example an older sibling might act like a baby to gain attention Children will soon correct themselves over time as they adapt to their new circumstances More serious reversals in development are called regression Regressive behaviors may be brought on by illness injury deprivation abuse or trauma D Development is Transactional Children influence their environment as much as their environment influences them Cause and effect is too simple for the complexity of children s interactions E Development Takes Place in an Ecosystem Ecology the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments Bronfenbrenner a developmental psychologist says the ecology of human development refers to the study of the transactions between an active growing human being and the settings in which the developing person lives Microsystem children interact with family peers and services such as day care and school family is the dominant force Mesosystem describes the relationships among elements in the microsystem Ex Interactions between the family and day care etc Exosystem social supports available to the family in the community Economic Political Educational Religious Community Macrosystem cultural context of development societal values and policies toward children II Development at Risk Risk threatens to undermine development and sacrifice the child s potential Opportunity supports development and promotes the realization of that potential In most cases risk and opportunity are hand in hand For children who are economically advantaged the opportunities for development outweigh the risks Oppositely children in less advantaged families have risks unique to economic status Some parents do too much for their children Resilience tendency to overcome risk Vulnerability tendency to fall prey to risk sometimes as disabilities III Facilitating Development Minimize risk maximize opportunity childproofing warning educational toys etc Parents must be actively and intimately involved CHAPTER 3 I Conception and Prenatal Development Prenatal stage of development the period that begins with conception and ends at birth 266 days II Conception Ancient Hindu Belief 400 BC Little Man Theory 1600 s A Female Reproduction Menstrual Cycle complex series of hormonal secretion timing and processed they regulate Toward the end of the period a hormonal secretion from the pituitary gland stimulates the growth of several immature eggs One egg will ripen and be released if two ripen fraternal twins Fallopian tube has an inner lining of muscle and cilia to transport egg into the uterus Injury to the groin can damage fallopian tubes which may lead to infertility Progesterone stimulates the endometrium lining of the uterus to prepare for the arrival of a fertilized egg Corpus ludium The mature egg makes it way to the surface of the ovary about 14 days after the first day of the cycle breaks through the ovary wall in a process called ovulation Ribbon method not having sex around 5 days before ovulation Fertilization the penetration of the egg by sperm takes place in the fallopian tube The fertilized egg continues to the uterus and implants itself into the wall of the uterus endometrium in a process called implantation day 7 Ovarian Reserve remaining viable eggs Menopause the end of the repeating menstrual cycle 40 50 s Cervix interior lining secretes mucus to plug up the opening It acts as a barrier to any harmful things to protect the reproductive system Cervical hostility not allowing the sperm to break through the cervix mucus mucus thickness Uterus contractions of the outlining muscle force the baby out The interior lining is apart of fertility Endometrium needs to thicken with blood for the arrival of an egg B Male Reproduction Sperm are produced in the testes two sacs suspended in the scrotum Damage to the testicles can damage nerves reduce sperm count etc You do not want to overheat them Sperm can live for about 5 days in the body III Infertility Infertile unable to conceive after one year of sexual relations without contraception or unable to carry the fetus to term A Male Infertility Causes 1 Overheating of the testicles 2 Accidental injury 3 Chronic use of marijuana and alcohol 4 Unable to get an erection foreplay Sex therapist 5 Premature ejaculation B Female Infertility Endometriosis a buildup in the fallopian tubes of sloughed off endometrial cells from the uterus opposite flow of cell discharge happens over a long period of time Can cause infertility More likely in older ages Cannot really prevent it Can be painful Polycystic Ovary Syndrome small cysts develop on the ovary s surface as a natural result of ovulation The cysts can build up and cause irregularity in menstrual periods and interfere with the normal process of ovulation The reduction of Luteinizing Hormone LH causes ovulation and Follical Stimulating Hormone FSH stimulates ovaries to ripen developed eggs can result from prolonged use of alcohol IV Prenatal Development Commonly divided into trimesters three month periods But usually takes 266 days A First two weeks 1 2 period of the zygote ovum For the first three days the zygote stays in the fallopian tube By the beginning of the second week a blastocyst forms and implants in the wall of the uterus endometrium implantation Spina bifida incomplete development of the neural tube Folic acid Folate can reduce neural tube defects by half must be part of the diet 6 8 months prior to be pregnant About 50 of the time implantation is unsuccessful because of 1 inadequate hormonal preparation of the endometrium or 2 abnormal development of the blastocyst Placenta organ that sustains
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