Chapter 1 Domains of development o Physical Changes in body size appearance functioning of body systems perceptual and motor capacities and physical health o Cognitive Changes in intellectual abilities including attention memory academic and everyday knowledge problem solving imagination creativity and language o Emotional Social changes in emotional communication self understanding knowledge about other people interpersonal skills friendships and moral reasoning and behavior Continuous or discontinuous stage or non stage theory o Continuous A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with ex Angelo and toy car o Discontinuous A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at different times ex Angelo s emotions and thoughts Theories That Accept Discontinuous Development As Taking Place in Stages Qualitative Changes in thinking feeling and behaving that characterize specific periods of development ex climbing staircase change is sudden Nature and nurture o Nature Inborn biological givens hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception o Nurture The complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth Sensitive vs critical o Sensitive Period a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences However its boundaries are less than well defined than are those of a critical period o Critical Period limited time span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment Theories Erikson Piaget Info Processing Behaviorism o Erickson Psychosocial Theory emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society One of the first to recognize the lifespan nature of development Added 3 adult stages to Freud s stages Stages Birth 1yr 1 3 yrs o Piaget Cognitive developmental theory children actively construct knowledge as they 3 6 yrs 6 11 yrs Adolescence Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Old Age manipulate and explore their world Stages sensorimotor birth 2yrs preoperational 2 7yrs concrete operational 7 11yrs formal operational 11 yrs o Behaviorism Directly observable events stimuli and responses appropriate focus of study o Information Processing the human mind might be viewed as a symbol manipulating system through which information flows From the time information is presented to the senses a input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output information is actively coded transformed and organized Research methods experimental and correlational design ethics in research o Experimental Design permits inferences about cause and effect because researches use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions o Correlational Design Researchers gather information on individuals generally in natural life circumstances and make no effort to alter their experiences o Ethics in Research Protection from harm informed consent privacy knowledge of results beneficial treatments Chapter 2 Boy or girl o XX Females o XY Males X carries more genetic material than Y o Autosomes 22 matching pairs of chromosomes Not sex cells o 23rd pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes Multiple births dizygotic monozygotic o Dizygotic Fraternal Twins Results from release and fertilization of 2 ova about 1 in every 60 births Most common type of multiple birth Genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings Maternal Factors that Increase Chances of Fraternal Twins Ethnicity Age Family history Number of Births Fertility Drugs and in vitro fertilization o Monozygotic Identical Twins A zygote that has started to duplicate separates into 2 clusters of cells that develop into identical twins about 1 in every 330 births Have the same genetic makeup Environmental Influences Temperature changes variation in oxygen levels late fertilization of ovum Genetic inheritance dominant recessive incomplete dominance polygenic inheritance o Dominant Occurs in may homozygous pairings only one allele affects child s characteristics o Recessive Second Allele has no effect Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele Dd can pass trait to their children carriers Modifier genes enhance or dilute the effects of other genes ex PKU o Incomplete Dominance A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two ex sickle cell trait o Polygenic Inheritance Genes affect the characteristic in question height weight intelligence personality o Form of a gene is an allele o Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match XY in X linked inheritance disorders diseases Down syndrome o Most common chromosomal disorder about 1 in every 770 live births o Failure in the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis so the individual receives 3 chromosomes instead of the normal 2 o Sometimes called Trisomy 21 o Symptoms Mental retardation Memory Speech Problems Limited Vocabulary Slow Motor Development Distinct Physical Features Short stocky build Flattened face Protruding tongue Almond Shaped eyes Unusual crease running across palm of hand 50 of cases o Infants with Down Syndrome Usually born with cataracts hearing loss heart and intestinal defects Prenatal diagnosis least invasive o Prenatal Diagnosis Methods Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth o Except for maternal blood analysis prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because other methods have some chance in injuring the developing organism o Least invasive Ultrasound when used 5 or more times may increase chance of low birth weight Infertility adoption o Adults who are infertile likely to pass down a genetic disorder or who are older but o Adoptive children tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties difference want a family may turn to adoption increases with child s age at adoption SES reaction range canalization genetic environment correlation o Canalization the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some
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