NTDT200 Exam 3 Review Questions CHAPTER 9 Describe diet planning methods that would help to increase weight loss for overweight and obese individuals Emphasize foods with low energy density and high nutrient density Make legumes whole grains veggies and fruits central to diet Drink lots of water Track food and kcalories Plan ahead to make good food choices Limit kcalorie intake from solid fats and sugar Reduce portions Cook and eat more meals at home and eat healthy options when you do eat out What is leptin Describe the characteristics of a leptin deficient mouse and what happens when this mouse is given leptin Leptin is a protein that acts as a hormone in the hypothalamus The obesity gene Leptin promotes negative energy balance which means it increases energy out as opposed to energy in Energy intake is decreased because leptin suppresses appetite A leptin deficient mouse weighed almost three times as much as a normal mouse but when treated with leptin the mouse decreased in weight significantly This mouse still weighed almost one and a half times the amount of a normal mouse Explain how fat cells develop and explain what happens to them with weight loss Fat cells increase in number as you grow When you take in more energy then you expend fat cells increase in size When you lose weight fat cells shrink but the number of them does not decrease Is obesity genetic Genetics do seem to influence obesity since they interact with diet and physical activity satiety and energy balance Genetic defects are also a rare cause of obesity such as Prader Willi syndrome which can cause insatiable appetite leading to life threatening obesity What are the environmental factors contributing to obesity Environmental factors of obesity include availability of food location and economic background If less effort is needed to obtain the food a person will usually eat 1 more food and also serving sizes in restaurants Past and present eating and activity patterns influence current body weight as well A pleasant and comfortable environment usually causes a person to consume more food What is the DRI for physical activity The DRI for physical activity is 60 minutes of moderate activity every day What is a fad diet Why do they often work initially What are their risks Fad diets are diets with outrageous claims They do not have to be supported or proven with credible research and they usually involve distorted research They tend to ignore dietary recommendations They tend to work for A SHORT TIME but FAIL TO PRODUCE LONG LASTING RESULTS They usually claim to disregard count of kcalories and lack variety Very monotonous They also often recommend dietary supplements Most fad diets cannot support good health over time A lot of them restrict carbs which is dangerous and can cause ketosis What drugs are approved for the treatment of obesity how do they work and what are their side effects Orlistat inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract blocking digestion and absorption of dietary fat and limiting energy intake SIDE EFFECTS cramping diarrhea gas frequent bowel movements reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins rare cases of liver injury Phentermine diethylpropion phendimetrazine enhances the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine which suppresses appetite SIDE EFFECTS increased blood pressure and heart rate insomnia nervousness dizziness headache Contrave treatment option for chronic weight management in addition to a reduced calorie diet and physical activity A combination of two FDA approved drugs 1 Naltrexone approved to treat alcohol and opioid dependence 2 Bupropion approved to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder and as an aid to smoking cessation treatment What surgeries are used to treat obesity and how do the work 2 Gastric Bypass most of the stomach is bypassed leaving a small stomach pouch This surgeon creates an outlet directly from this small stomach pouch to the small intestine Gastric Banding a gastric band is used to reduce the opening from the esophagus to the stomach The size can be inflated or deflated This is more flexible and less invasive and relatively safer then bypass These surgeries reduce food capacity of the stomach limiting food intake They also reduce production of ghrelin For a person trying to lose weight what is a reasonable weight loss goal A reasonable goal weight is to be 10 below the initial weight in 6 months and maintaining for one year The recommended BMI is 18 5 24 9 Are herbals and dietary supplements safe and effective ways to loose weight Few herbal and dietary supplements have proven effective Some are dangerous Ephedrine was banned by the FDA because caused heart attacks seizures and death When trying to loose weight if you restrict kcalories too much you risk meeting your nutrient needs As a general rule what minimum number of kcalories should a person trying to loose weight consume per day A person should try to eat a minimum of 1200 kcalories a day watching for empty calories such as fat sugar and alcohol Energy out should exceed energy in by about 500 kcalories a day 3
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