Study Guide Test 3 FINAL Chapters 11 12 13 1 Parenting changes as managers In middle childhood the amount of time children spend with parents declines greatly Children s growing independence creates new issues Child rearing becomes easier for authoritative style bc of greater logical thinking increased respect for parents knowledge As children demonstrate they can manage daily activities responsibilities parents shift control from adult to child Authoritative style is easier these years 2 Co regulation induction Parents do not let go entirely but rather engage in coregulation supervision in which they exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making Coregulation grows out of warm cooperative relationships between parent and child based on give and take and mutual respect Coregulation supports protects children while still preparing them for adolescence 3 Self descriptions Development of self understanding children describe themselves using psychological characteristics I am friendly helpful popular Younger children use more concrete descriptions I have brown hair and 2 brothers Social comparison distinguish themselves from others in comparative terms What can I do compared to others Perspective taking ability to assume other people s perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings 6 8 year olds understand that others have perspective 4 Self concept self esteem how to improve Self esteem and self concept Self esteem global evaluations of the self Self concept refers to domain specific evaluations of the self Academic athletic appearance etc Self esteem is important but it can be accurate or inaccurate A child may think they are smart and feel good about themselves even if they aren t really smart Today people worry that children have inflated self esteem Not based on reality but on the way we clap for children when they do the smallest things How do we effectively increase self esteem Identify causes of low self esteem 1 2 Provide emotional support and social approval 3 Help children achieve 4 Help children cope 5 Erikson Study Guide Test 3 FINAL Chapters 11 12 13 World is expanding to include neighborhood school community not just family Developing competence at useful skills and tasks Beginning of formal schooling children engage in work If children do not feel good about their abilities they will feel inferior 6 Piaget advances of thought seriation Concrete operational stage 7 11 years old i Thought more logical flexible and organized ii These children can seriate mentally called transitive interference tasks provide clear evidence of operations mental actions that obey Conservation logical rules horizontal decalage Spatial Reasoning Reversibility Seriation weight Decentration focusing on several aspects of a problem better understand spatial relationships directions maps think through a series of steps mentally reverse direction ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or 7 Gender stereotyping real differences between males and females By age 5 gender stereotyping of activities and occupation is well established When helping a child parents act i Mastery oriented fashion w sons setting higher standards ii Less often encourage girls to make their own decisions iii Most often praise boys for accomplishment and girls for obedience Girls have an edge in fine motor skills of handwriting and drawing in gross motor capacities that depend on balance and agility Boys outperform girls on all other skills listed such as throwing and kicking 1 12th grade girls are less positive than boys about value of sports and their own ability Gender stereotypes affect parental expectations for children s athletic performance accounts for boys superiority on a wide range of gross motor skills Girls feel more confident in language arts and boys more confident in math science athletics 8 Prejudice Generally declines in middle childhood Children do not form stereotypes even though there is a basis but may follow a authority figure After 7 8 years both majority and minority children express in group favoritism and white children s prejudice against out group members often weaken Notions of personal choice enhance children s moral understanding Children everywhere seem to realize that higher principles must prevail when peoples Study Guide Test 3 FINAL Chapters 11 12 13 rights and welfare is at stake Studies in W Nations show that by age 5 6 white children generally evaluate own racial group favorably as well as the minority children of this age also rate privileged white children favorably and assign negative characteristics to their own group The extent to which children hold racial ethnic bias caries depending on i A fixed view of personality traits ii Overly high self esteem iii A social world in which people are assorted into groups Reducing prejudice o Through intergroup contact in which racially different children have equal status work toward common goals and become personally acquainted 9 Peers 5 categories intervention Peer groups collectives of peers who generate unique values standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers To assess peer acceptance researchers usually use self reports that measure social preferences for ex Asking classmates whom they like most or least Generates 5 categories of peer acceptance i Average receive average number of positive and negative votes ii Popular many positive votes best friends not disliked iii Rejected actively disliked by peers no ones friend a Listen carefully show enthusiasm and concern for others act like themselves self confident but not too much b Subtype popular antisocial children includes tough boys athletically skilled poor student With age children like these youths less and less and may reject them eventually a Most behavior problems serious adjustment problems b Rejected aggressive belligerent aggressive emotionally reactive impulsive fewer social skills c Only of rejected children are aggressive 20 are shy rejected withdrawn iv Controversial receive many votes positive and negative a Blend of positive and negative behavior mixed peer opinion v Neglected chosen by no one no positive or negative no ones friend not disliked may have one friend and then usually well adjusted a Low rates of interaction with peers shy socially skilled but like to be on their own Interventions change victimized children s negative opinions of themselves
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