Study Guide Topics Specific for Exam 3 PLAY CH 11 Motor Development and Play Gross Motor Development o Running jumping hopping and ball skills become more refined o Flexibility compared with preschoolers school age children are physically more pliable and elastic a difference evident as they swing bats kick balls jump over hurdles and execute tumbling routines o Balance improved balance supports many athletic skills including running hopping skipping throwing kicking and the rapid changes of direction required in many team sports o Agility quicker and more accurate movements are evident in the fancy footwork of dance and cheerleading and in the forward backward and sideways motions used to dodge opponents in tag and soccer o Force older children can throw and kick a ball harder and propel themselves farther off the ground when running and jumping than they could at earlier ages o Very evident in children s writing and drawing o By age 6 children can print alphabet first names and numbers from 1 10 o By end of preschool years depth cues have emerged making distant objects smaller than near ones o 9 10 3D is evident through overlapping objects diagonal placement and Fine Motor Development converging lines Individual Differences in Motor Skills o Research shows that parents hold higher expectations for boys athletic performance and children readily absorb these messages o Middle childhood is crucial time to encourage girls sports participation because during this period children start to discover what they are good at and make some definite skill commitments Games with Rules o The physical activities of school age children reflect an important advance in quality of play games with rules in common Adults Organized Youth Sports o For most children joining community athletic teams is associated with increased self esteem and social skills Shy children effects self esteem by gaining confidence and a decline in social anxiety Children who view themselves as good at sports are more likely to continue playing on teams which predicts greater participation in sports and other physical fitness activities o When coaches make wining paramount weaker performers generally experience social ostracism with boys for whom competence at sports is linked to peer affections affected more than girls o Concussion brain injuries resulting from a blow to the head or the body o Frequent and intense practice can lead to painful overuse injuries on highly competitive teams with year round training overuse injuries are common o When parents and coaches emphasize effort improvement participation and teamwork young athletes enjoy sports more exert greater effort to improve their skills and perceive themselves as more competent at their chosen sport Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past Rough and tumble play this friendly chasing and play fighting where they occasionally wrestle roll hit and run after another alternating roles while smiling and laughing o Prevalent in fathers play with sons and helps children with Dominance hierarchy a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises o Adolescents boys rough and tumble play is linked to aggression Physical Education Supports many aspects of children s development their health their sense of self worth as physically active and capable beings and the cognitive and social skills necessary for getting along with others To devote more time to academic instruction US elementary schools have cut back on recess Most US states require physical education o Only 6 require it in every single grade and only one mandates at least 30 minutes per day and 45 minutes in high school and middle school Physically fit children take great pleasure in their rapidly developing motor skills Develop rewarding interesting in sports and are more likely to become fit adolescents with many benefits Greater physical strength resistance to many illnesses and enhanced psychological well being and a longer life PEER RELATIONS GROUPS CH 13 Peer Relations School age children resolve conflicts more effectively using persuasion and compromise o Sharing helping and other prosocial acts also increase aggression declines Peer Groups o Peer groups collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers Organize on the basis of proximity being in the same classroom and similarity in sex ethnicity academic achievement popularity and aggression o Practices of informal groups leads to peer culture that typically involves a specialized vocabulary dress code and place to hang out o Friendships contribute to the trust and sensitivity o Become a mutually agreed on relationship in which children like each other s personal qualities and respond to one another s needs and desires once formed trust becomes the defining feature Friendships Peer Acceptance Determinants of Peer Acceptance o Popular Children o Peer acceptance refers to likability the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age mates such as classmates as a worthy social partner Unlike friendship it is not a mutual relationship but a one sided perspective involving the groups views of an individual o Popular children who get many positive votes well liked o Rejected children who get many negative votes are disliked o Controversial children who receive many votes both positive and negative are both liked and disliked o Neglected children who are seldom mentioned either positively or o Average children who receive average numbers of positive and negative o Perceived popularity children s judgment of whom most of their classmate negatively votes admire Popular prosocial children who are both socially accepted and admired combine academic and social competence Popular antisocial children include tough boys athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring excluding and spreading rumors about other children often viewed as cool Rejected aggressive children the largest subtype show high rates of conflict physical and relational aggression and hyperactive inattentive and impulsive behavior acts as bullies Rejected withdrawn children are passive and socially awkward can o Rejected Children be victimized as bullies o Helping Neglected Children Coaching modeling and reinforcing positive skills such as how to initiate interaction with a peer cooperate in play
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