NTDT 200 Exam 2 Study Guide This document serves only as a guide to assist you in narrowing your study focus Any material discussed in class is fair game on exams Chapter 6 Proteins Protein synthesis DNA RNA transcription translation Protein synthesis Each protein has a specific function and that function is determined during protein synthesis Protein synthesis depends on a diet that provides adequate protein and essential amino acids the instructions for making every protein in a persons body are transmitted by way of the genetic information STEP 1 Transcription A stretch of DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA mRNA After that messenger RNA mRNA carries the code across the nuclear membrane into the cell where it finds and attaches itself to a ribosome STEP 2 Translation Transfer RNA collects amino acids from cell fluids and clusters them around the ribosomes Then mRNA calls for a specific amino acid the tRNA carrying that amino acid moves into position Situated on a ribosome messenger RNA mRNA specifies the sequence in which the amino acids lineup for the synthesis of a protein Uniqueness of each person Amino acid sequences of proteins Genes DNA DNA RNA transcription translation Transcription the process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA Translation the process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins Denaturation examples Curdling milk with acid Whipping egg whites agitation Alcohol Heat cooking an egg HCL denatures proteins Protein hydrolysis where The major event in the stomach is the partial breakdown hydrolysis of proteins Proteases hydrolyze split up polypeptides into short peptide chains tripeptides dipeptides and amino acids in the small intestine Function of pepsin HCL converts pepsinogen inactive to pepsin active Pepsin cleaves polypeptides into smaller polypeps Sickle cell anemia Deficit in hemoglobin sequencing resulting in a chage of shape in RBC Interfere with oxygen and blood flow dehydration hemolytic anemia blood vessels burst fever joint abdominal pain Kwashiokor marasmus edema Pitting edema plasma pro leak out between cells Protein energy malnutrition insufficient intake of protein energy or both PEM Marasmus dry PNM children 6 18 month result in elderly people that are short impaired growth wasting of muscles impaired brain development low body temp digestion and absoption impairment Kwashiorkor wet PEM 18 month 2 years nextborn weaned from breast milk develops rapidly result of PRO deficiency or measles edema fatty liver inflammation infection skin hair change free radical iron bulged stomach Each enzyme is different each facilitates a specific reaction but Structure of enzymes enzymes remain unchanged Protein water relationship Protein intake and urea production Water consumption needed to excrete urea PRO risks dehydration body uses water to get rid of urea Explains water loss w PRO rich diets Functions of proteins buffers antibodies antigens 1 Growth and maintenance building blocks for body 2 Enzymes build up break down transform 3 Hormones messengers some are proteins not all transported in blood 7 45 4 Regulate fluid balance 5 Acid base regulators act as buggers attract hydrogen ions 7 35 6 Transporters specific proteins act as transporters for specific nutrients some pro act as pumps 7 Antibodies defent against antigens pro needed to make antibodies each antibody destroys specific antigens 8 Energy and glucose 9 Other blood clotting healing vision Amino acid pool what is it Consists of Used for protein production Used for energy if stripped of nitrogen The supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy when we eat protein and it breaks down and exo and endo makes a little pool from diet and body Nitrogen balance examples of each When nitrogen intake equals output the balance is 0 Positive synthesis degradation growing infants children adolescents preggers recovering from illness Negative degradation synthesis starvation burns injury injections fever body loses nitrogen as it breaks down muscle and other pro for energy Compound made by aa tyrosine melanin tryptophan serotonin niacin Tyrosine aa Neurotransmitters norepinephrine epinephrine Melanin pigment brown hair eyes skin Thyroxin regulates metabolic rate Tryptophan aa Precursor for Niacin serotonin you need this to make niacin and serotonin Protein sparing concept 50 100mg of CHO spares pro from going through gluconeogenesis Fate of excess PRO NH3 Urea production xs stored as fat Ammonia NH3 is a toxic base Liver detoxifies ammonia and combines with carbon dioxide UREA As dietary protein UREA Liver gets rid of ammonia by turning it into urea Amino acid can convert to fat when 1 Energy and protein exceed needs too many kcal 2 Carbohydrate intake is adequate enough glucose Low quality proteins that are combined to provide adequate levels of Complementing proteins essential amino acids Homoscysteine health risk High levels greater risk of heart disease RDA for protein how to calculate given ht wt 8 g kg day Weight 2 2 weight in kg Weight in kg x 8 personal recommended daily intake 78 grams Chapter 7 Metabolism Figure 7 20 Feasting and Fasting know this inside out Parts of the cell and what happens in each ie smooth endoplasmic retic lipid synth Site of lipid protein synthesis in cell Lipid endoplasmic reticulum Protein rough endoplasmic reticulum which has ribosomes Catabolism Anabolism examples in text pppnts Anabolism building up Requires energy Glucose glucose glycogen CHO Glycerol FA triglycerides FAT AA AA protein PRO Catabolism breaking down Release energy Glycogen glucose yields energy Triglycerides glycerol FA yields energy Pro amino acid yields energy Separates into carbon nitrogen oxygen hydrogen ATP produced from fat CHO 1 glucose yields 30 32 ATP 1 16 carbon FA yields 129 ATP more efficient fuel source CHO PRO FAT can be broken down into acetyl CoA Surplus of dietary CHO fats what happens metabolically Cho is first broken into glucose and then glycogen and then excess fat Pro is broken down into AA and then used for body proteins loss of nitrogen in urine and the extra is body fat storage Basic units derived from food 1 glucose from CHO 2 Amino Acids from PRO 3 Glycerol from TG 4 Fatty Acids from TG Catabolism separates into Carbon nitrogen oxygen hydrogen Coenzyme
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