Chapter One Developmentalists researchers and practitioners who study the developmental process Development the gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related changes in biological and psychological systems through transactions with the environment Development changes happen slowly in terms on clock time takes weeks and months Important for parents and people who work with young children to work towards the progression of developmental changes o Emotional changes o Scanning environment o Changes in language If we can realize when they are changing we can change the environment to help our baby progress in a timely way slow down or speed up by giving them the correct tools Some parents fail in the development in use the Laize Fair approach and just wait for their children to develop it turns into an almost neglectful development Irreversible under more circumstances developmental change does not go backward Regression reversals in development can be brought upon by illness injury deprivation abuse or severe trauma Example baby creep pushing up baby up on all fours crawling 14 months start creeping went forward again went back again Ecology study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments the ecology of human development refers to the study of the transactions between an active growing human being and the settings in which the developing person lives Microsystem children interact with family peers and services such as day cared and school Family is the dominant force Mesosystem describes relationships among elements of the microsystem Relationship between family and the day care center Exosystem identifies social supports available to the family in the community Some employers offer day care services and flexible time while others show no concern Macrosystem deals with the cultural context of development societal values reflected in social policies toward children Deals with public policy and bureaucrats and politicians Risk threatens to undermine development and sacrifice the child s potential opportunity supports development and promotes the realization of that potential Resilience tendency to overcome risk to fall prey to risk is vulnerability Relatively Permanent we get developments that end up slowing down Side Notes in Class Developmental change adjust ourselves to the new child Always lay child on supine position Studies on children lying on prone position have more chances of getting infant fatal syndrome SID sudden infant death Child was laid down on supine position four months old is moving around Baby will make faster progression if that baby is put on the stomach early on Baby is now five and a half months put her in prone position lays there like a lump Development happens at different stages Length of this semester babies go from not being able to put their head up to crawling o Baby at 18 months not walking o Developmental change o Brain is being stimulated Chapter 3 Conception and Prenatal Development Prenatal stage begins day of conception and lasts 266 days Opportunity afforded when a genetically health couple who have mutual affection decide to conceive a child and have sexual intercourse at the precise moment that a viable egg has been ovulated Not all babies are fortunate enough to have these ideal circumstances come together to create a foundation for the creation of a new life Risk will begin as the egg and sperm move slowly toward each other in the mother s fallopian tube and will build rapidly as the developing baby is exposed to potential harmful agents that hamper and distort development of the embryo and fetus Vulnerability may derive from genetic factors within the developing fetus that can interfere with the normal process of development and defy intervention The developing baby forms resilience makes it possible to override those factors Development begins at with the act of conception Ancient Hindus believed three things were necessary to have a baby 1 Father contributed white semen to form child s bones 2 Mother provided red semen to produce skin the hair and the iris of the eyes 3 God provided the expression of the face and the child s sight hearing speech and movement Hippocrates father of modern medicine accepted this male and female theory o He speculated menstrual blood formed flesh of a new baby In 1600s when scientists viewed it under a microscope scientists thought they could make a miniature man homunculus with the head of the sperm o Women were not much more than incubators for the for pre formed sperm heads tiny beings 1843 Dr Martin Barrie came to conclusion that sperm and egg must unite to form a fetus Female Reproductive Cycle Orchestrated by a complex series of hormonal secretions Egg ripens progesterone is sent out which stimulates the endometrium Endometrium lining of the uterus to prepare for arrival of fertilized egg Mature egg works it ways to the surface of the ovary and aprx 14 days after the first day of the cycle egg breaks through the ovary wall called ovulation Fertilized egg is transported toward the uterus by hair like appendage s with the lining of the fallopian tube Fertilization penetration of the egg by sperm takes place in the fallopian tube Fertilized egg zygote continues to uterus where it lodges itself on the wall of uterus called implantation If fertilization doesn t take place the unfertilized egg and excess endometrial tissue and blood is eliminated through the system during the first few days of menstrual cycle Fetal alcohol spectrum number one preventable cause of an intellectual disability Menstrual cycle Continue until 40 to 50 years old 28 days but may vary Timing of secretions and processes they regulate Number of eggs from ovarian reservation lowers as you get older Knowing women s ovarian reserve shows how fertile she is Ending of the menstrual cycle is known as menopause 50s Male Reproduction Sperm are produced in testes two oval shaped glands about two inches long located in the scrotum Scrotum a sac that contains the testicles outside of the body cavity just below the penis Not tied to a particular schedule Male should be capable of making sperm any day during fertile years One ejaculation contains between 200 and 400 million sperm cells Tiny fraction of them manages to traverse the four to five inches from the cervix through the uterus to the fallopian tubes Trip only takes 30 minutes Only a thousand to a few hundreds make it to the fallopian
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