Chapter 1 Domains of development Physical Development changes in body size proportions appearance functioning of body systems and physical health basically changes in the physical aspects of the body Cognitive Development changes in intellectual abilities Emotional and Social Development changes in emotional communication Continuous Development stage theory a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with gaining more precision Discontinuous Development non stage theory a process in which new skills emerge at specific times as a part of discontinuous this implies there are stages qualitative changes in thinking feeling and behaving that characterize specific periods of development Nature and nurture are we who we are because of inborn biological givens nature or because of our environment and the complex forces of the physical and social world Sensitive period a concept in which there is a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences but not very well defined boundaries on this time period vs critical period a concept that there is a limited time span in child development during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment Theories Erikson psychosocial theory emphasizes that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society Piaget cognitive developmental theory children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world Info Processing the human mind viewed as a symbol manipulating system through which information flows Behaviorism behavior of children is formed through directly observable and connectable events stimuli and responses Research methods experimental design permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions there is experimentation and changing of circumstances correlational design researchers gather information on individuals generally in natural life circumstances just observation no altering of circumstances ethics in research p 45 Children have rights in the experiment to Protection from harm Informed consent parents or guardian must give Privacy Knowledge of Results Beneficial Treatments control groups have right to receive the beneficial treatment that is being researched if found to work all these also must be implemented in language that is appropriate to child s level of understanding consent Chapter 2 chromosomes the other 22 pairs are called autosomes Boy or girl determined by the sex chromosome which is the twenty third pair of autosomes meaning not sex chromosomes numbered from shortest to longest Multiple births sex chromosomes females XX males XY dizygotic aka fraternal resulting from release of two ova monozygotic aka identical resulting from a zygote that has duplicated into two clusters of cells Genetic inheritance two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosome one from the mom and one from the dad each form is called an allele If alleles are alike the child is homozygous if alleles are different child is heterozygous dominant the first allele is the only one that affects the inheritance vs the recessive allele which affects nothing incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance in which both alleles shown in phenotype resulting in combined trait of both polygenic inheritance many genes affect a characteristic affecting things such as height weight intelligence and personality Down syndrome chromosomal disorder in which there is a failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate or extra piece of 21st chromosome is attached to another chromosome results in mental retardation and specific physical characteristics Prenatal diagnosis least invasive the least invasive prenatal diagnosis is maternal blood analysis Infertility adults who are unable to reproduce adoption adopted children have more intellectual disabilities by Chapter 3 adolescence adoptees have unresolved curiosity about their roots SES socioeconomic status determined on 2 things measuring social status 1 years of education 2 the prestige of one s job and the skills it requires and one measuring economic status 3 income Relationship between Heredity and Enviroment each person s unique genetically determined r eaction range response to the environment canalization tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes genetic environment correlation our genes influence the environment to which we are exposed Birth rate trends families are getting smaller decreased from 3 1 in North America per family to 2 1 per family in the US Only children some studies say that larger families have less intelligent children but many deny this overall pros and cons to having one child or multiple avg family size s of kids per family 2 1 in the US 1 9 in the UK 1 8 in Australia 1 6 in Canada 1 4 in Germany 1 3 in Italy and Japan Prenatal development zygote the state of the baby during the first stage of pregnancy 1 2 weeks forms a hollow fluid filled ball called a blastocyst This implants into the uterine lining and the protective membrane of the amnion is formed which encloses the membrane in amniotic fluid helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against jolts in movement of the woman The placenta brings oxygen and food in and carries waste away The umbilical cord also forms which brings oxygen in and removes waste embryo this period lasts from implantation to week 8 of pregnancy in this stage the most rapid changes take place neural tube is formed fetus longest prenatal period growth and finishing stage from 9th through end of pregnancy Third Trimester is Age of Viability which is the point at which the baby can survive on his own Teratogens any environmental agent that causes damage during the alcohol FASD excessive consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy leads to FASD fetal alcohol syndrome for the child FASD is characterized by slow physical growth a pattern of facial abnormalities and brain injury impairment of three areas of functioning The more the smoking causes low
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