experiment with kids guessing what the doll can see at a given time on a mountain 3D figure children under the age of 9 only could describe their perspective 3 mountain problem 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 7 shift the abstraction principle Aggression Amoral Associative Play autonomous moral reasoning Bullying gradual transition from illogical and unsystematic reasoning of preoperational period to more logical systematic reasoning of middle adulthood literally anything can be counted even intangible things Purposeful efforts to inflict pain or injury to someone unable to reason about rules and concepts of right and wrong plays with others shares talks no consistent theme to play rules can be negotiated Person oriented acts aimed at forcefully gaining social control over another child ex threatening striking 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 the cardinal principle centration Classification classification Coercion Theory collective monologue comprehension concrete operations conflict last in sequence how many there are Preschool children will respond with the last number when asked how much of something there is preschool children focus attention on little aspects of their experience ex a child may only remember her babysitters bright earrings Grouping objects based on certain characteristics being able to classify objects in a hierarchy an apple is a fruit One child s aggression against another elicits retaliation by the victim convo like taking turns between egocentric speakers ability to understand words that have been decoded around age 7 8 children understand relationships among objects in environment opposition of one another 18 Conservation 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 conservation conventional level of moral reasoning cooperative play counting all counting on deception decoding deduction deferred limitation Display Settings Understanding objects stay the same even if there is a transformation liquid in short wide glass looks different than a tall skinny glass preschool aged children don t understand this concept or ex same amount of beans spaced out differently are the same amount this concept not understood until about age 7 8 preschoolers don t understand that an amount of a substance stays the same no matter the container that it is in children develop internal standards that reflect societies values of what is right and wrong plays with others in an organized manner with roles differentiated to accomplish some goal or agreed upon theme adding bigger numbers together counting at a then adding one their ability to generate false beliefs in others ex age 2 5 can use deception ex treasure hunt making fake footprints ability to interpret printed letters as a code for spoken words ex child may assume as he enters new grade level his teacher will favor girls children observe behavior of a model imitate it later on by themselves infants may do this with a brief delay ex 10 month old imitates fathers use of spoon only minutes after he uses one but couldn t imitate hours later Conventions for appropriate displays of emotion in particular situations Distinguishin g appearance and reality Dominance Hierarchy egocentric speech Egocentrism elaborated knowledge base adults may realize people don t always mean what they say but children do not understand this ex a 3 year old thinks a flash light that looks like a candy bar is a candy bar but a 5 year old can most likely tell the distinction systematic ordering of power relationships from the most to least powerful member language that fails to consider the viewpoint of the listener limitation of preoperational thought child s inability to conceptualize perspective of other individuals the way facts are stored in memory ex child s memorizing names of classmates where they sit their friendgroup etc elaboration Electra Friendship Gender Roles Gender Schema Gender schema theory Grammar grammatical morphemes Identification Immanent Justice relating objects to one another with absurd fanciful visual images sexual love for opposite sex parent for females An enduring close mutual relationship between 2 individuals expressed by spending a lot of time together behaviors and beliefs that a culture considers appropriate for males females searching of gender related information from environment combining concepts of an active role for the child from cognitive development theory the concept of an environmental influence from S L T system of rules that structures how to combine words into meaningful sequences inflections such as ing ed s which modify nouns verbs and adjectives incorporating characteristics of same sex parent and to a lesser extent the opposite sex into personality as ego ideal the belief that you ll get rewarded for good behavior and vice versa 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 derived principles from examplesex boy recognizing his teachers like girls most may make him believe all girls are teachers pets thinking in words sentences cognitive language development in social context environmental experiences have huge impact on cognitive language development struggles over possession territory priveledgeex grabbing a toy from another child tugging for possession 5 7 shift when theres a noticable improvement over preoperational thought children may get right answers without understanding principles preschoolers can t reverse transductive sequences of thoughtex Ask a 3 year old if she has s siter she will say yes Ask her if her sister has a sister she will say no each individual is constrained by investment ex child may have trouble studying if they are thinking about a personal problem Altering emotions so it is appropriate to whatever setting you re in if a child has no strategies he she won t gain from training internal representations of external objects events children thinking about nonpresent objects knowing how much you do or don t know improves around 1st grade retelling a story attributing desires and beliefs to others in order to predict their behavior children talking to themselves oblivious of everyone around them behaviors are either right or wrong Induction inner speech Instrumental Aggression intuitive Irreversibility Limited capacity masking mediational deficiency mental images metacognition mindreading monologue moral realism one to one concept of counting onlooker 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Oedipal Complex Sexual Love for opposite sex parent for males assigning a number to each item in an array preschool
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