Study Guide Final Chapters 11 13 Chapter 11 Growth in Middle Childhood Continues at the slow regular pace of early childhood At age 6 an North American child weighs about 45 lbs and add about 2 3 inches in height each year Between ages 6 to 8 girls are shorter and lighter than boys By age 9 this trend reverses Lower portion of body grows faster so they appear long legged Girls have more body fat and boys more muscle Nutrition Exercise Eating dinner with parents leads to a diet higher in fruits and veggies and lower in fried food and soft drinks Insufficient dietary iron and folate predicted slightly lower mental test performance Kids like best foods they have eaten repeatedly in the past o Readily available healthy between meal snacks Cheese fruit raw veggies PB o Can increase liking of healthy foods Most eat far more than younger children Children need about 2400 calories 17 are obese 20 more than they are supposed to weigh 80 will become overweight adults Psychological and physical problems every day Causes o heredity likely to have obese parent twins are more concordant o SES family stress cheap junk food lack of knowledge o early growth pattern o family eating habits infants who gain weight rapidly are at risk U S children eat too many fats and sweets Diet should 30 of calories from fat Sugar does not make most children hyperactive o responsiveness to food cues not based on hunger but smell sight o physical activity o TV viewing o Early malnutrition gain weight rapidly body protects itself by establishing low metabolism rate Vision and hearing o Myopia or nearsightedness Exercise 25 of middle childhood Heredity contributes Can be due to environmental conditions sitting too close to TV reading in dim lighting too much time on computer Increases with family income o 15 of elementary and middle schools provide students with physical education at least 3 days a week o Only 49 of boys and 35 of girls are active enough for good health Engaging in at least moderate intensity exercise for 1hr or more a o Physically fit kids take great pleasure in their rapidly developing motor day skills Greater physical strength Resistance to many illnesses Colds flu cancer diabetes heart disease Enhance psychological well being and longer a life Secular Trends in Weight Changes in body size from one generation to the next This pattern suggests that the larger size of today s children is mostly due to a faster rate of physical development Secular gain appears early in life increases over childhood and early adolescence then declines as mature body size is reached Improved health and nutrition are responsible Secular trends are smaller for low income children o poorer diets o More likely suffer from growth stunting illnesses Weight gain is continuing at a high rate Teeth Between ages 6 and 12 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones o Girls lose their teeth slightly earlier First teeth to go are the lower ones and then the upper front teeth At first the permanent teeth seem much larger but the growth of the jaw and chin causes the child s face to lengthen and the mouth to widen Care of the teeth is essential because dental health affects the child s appearance speech and ability to chew properly Parents need to remind kids to brush their teeth thoroughly and most kids need help flossing until about 9ys old More than 50 of North American children have tooth decay Malocclusion condition of the upper and lower teeth not meeting properly Can be caused by thumb sucking Cause crowding of the permanent teeth Malnutrition School aged children need a well balanced plentiful diet to provide energy for successful learning and increased physical activity Many spend little time at the table Hurried breakfast is common eating dinner drops sharply between ages 9 and 14 Negative impact of malnutrition on learning and behavior may intensify as kids encounter new academic and social challenges at school o In earlier years growth stunted school age kids respond with greater fear o Animal evidence shows that a deficient diet alters the production of to stressful situations neurotransmitters in the brain An effect that can disrupt all aspects of psychological functioning Malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into school years tends to lead to permanent physical and mental damage Child directed invented Vs Adult directed athletics Games with rules become common o Tag jacks hop scotch four square baseball basketball softball Child invented games usually rely on simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck o Red rover leapfrog statues kick the can prisoners base o Permit children to try out different styles of cooperating competing winning and losing with little personal risk o Kids discover why rules are needed and which ones work well o Spend as much time working out the details of how a game should proceed as they do playing the game Parental concern for neighborhood safety as well as competing for kids time from technology gives a rise in adult organized sports o Little league soccer hockey leagues o Fill a lot of hours that used to be devoted to spontaneous play For the majority joining community athletic teams is associated with increased self esteem and social skills 60 of boys and 40 of girls participate in organized sports outside of school Overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children s natural experimentation with rules and strategy High parental pressure sets the stage for emotional difficulties and early athletic dropout When parents and coaches emphasize effort improvement participation and teamwork young athletes enjoy sports more and exert greater effort to improve their skills Diseases illnesses Experience higher rate of illnesses during the first 2 years of elementary school o Due to sick children and still developing immune system o Illness causes kids to miss about 11 days of school year 15 20 of North American have chronic diseases and conditions Most common and accounting for 1 3 is asthma o Bronchial highly sensitive in response to various stimuli Cold weather infection exercise allergies emotional stress o Doubled and asthma related deaths has also risen o African American boys at greatest risk o Childhood obesity related High levels of blood circulating inflammatory substances associated with body fat and the pressure of excess weight on the chest wall 2 children have more severe chronic illnesses o Sickle cell anemia o Cystic
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